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Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan

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  • Muhammad Irshad Ahmad

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, No.15, Longzi Lake College Park, Zhengzhou Eastern New District, Zhengzhou 450046, China)

  • Hengyun Ma

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, No.15, Longzi Lake College Park, Zhengzhou Eastern New District, Zhengzhou 450046, China)

Abstract

The mixed crop–livestock system is a primary source of livelihood in developing countries. Erratic climate changes are severely affecting the livelihoods of people who depend upon mixed crop–livestock production. By employing the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LVI (LVI IPCC ), and the livelihood effect index (LEI), this study evaluated livelihood vulnerability in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The study provides a range of indicators for national and local policy makers to improve resilience in the face of livelihood vulnerability. By incorporating more major components and subcomponents, this study identifies more specific challenges of livelihood vulnerability for future policy directions. It is interesting to find that credit and cash used for crop inputs are critical financial constraints for farmers. From the estimated indicators, this study also provides some specific policy recommendations for the four study districts of Punjab Province. These results are helpful in identifying and highlighting vulnerability determinants and indicators. Initiating and promoting better adaptive capacity and starting resilience projects for households are urgent actions required by donors and governments to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of mixed crop–livestock households in arid and semiarid areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Irshad Ahmad & Hengyun Ma, 2020. "Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-31, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:586-:d:308224
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    Cited by:

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    2. Ying Zhang & Xinyu Xie & Xiaoping Qiu & Zheng Jing & Yongqian Yu & Yan Wang, 2023. "Study on Livelihood Resilience of Rural Residents under the Rural Revitalization Strategy in Ethnic Areas of Western Sichuan, China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Husen Maru & Amare Haileslassie & Tesfaye Zeleke & Befikadu Esayas, 2021. "Analysis of Smallholders’ Livelihood Vulnerability to Drought across Agroecology and Farm Typology in the Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Ethiopia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-28, August.
    4. Elisabeth Simelton & Tuan Minh Duong & Ella Houzer, 2021. "When the “Strong Arms” Leave the Farms—Migration, Gender Roles and Risk Reduction in Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-30, April.
    5. Muhammad Faisal & Azhar Abbas & Yi Cai & Abdelrahman Ali & Muhammad Amir Shahzad & Shoaib Akhtar & Muhammad Haseeb Raza & Muhammad Arslan Ajmal & Chunping Xia & Syed Abdul Sattar & Zahira Batool, 2021. "Perceptions, Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Effects among Small Livestock Herders in Punjab, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-21, October.

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