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Perspective of availability and sustainable recycling prospects of metals in rechargeable batteries – A resource overview

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  • Meshram, Pratima
  • Pandey, B.D.
  • Abhilash,

Abstract

The growing need for strategic and rare earth elements (REE) led to an enormous interest in the development of new technologies for the recycling and recovery of these metals from secondary resources especially batteries. The primary reserves, production scenario and possible secondary resources of cobalt, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, REE, and zinc, with respect of metal content, quantity, the source of generation is discussed. The purpose of this review is to depict the status of the recycling technologies for the extraction of metals inherent in primary and secondary batteries from secondary resources like process wastes, catalysts, effluents, metal and alloy scrap, e-wastes, mine tailings, and metallurgical slags and spent batteries, depicting a summary of those under-utilized wastes. Also, the problems and the prospect of the studies of their recycling technologies especially focused on the hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes have been put forward. The future avenues in spent battery recycling are also discussed with respect to the directions of research needed for their sustainable utilization and environmental management.

Suggested Citation

  • Meshram, Pratima & Pandey, B.D. & Abhilash,, 2019. "Perspective of availability and sustainable recycling prospects of metals in rechargeable batteries – A resource overview," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 9-22.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:60:y:2019:i:c:p:9-22
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.11.015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yaksic, Andrés & Tilton, John E., 2009. "Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: The case of lithium," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 185-194, December.
    2. Zhang, Wei & Yang, Jiakuan & Wu, Xu & Hu, Yuchen & Yu, Wenhao & Wang, Junxiong & Dong, Jinxin & Li, Mingyang & Liang, Sha & Hu, Jingping & Kumar, R. Vasant, 2016. "A critical review on secondary lead recycling technology and its prospect," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 108-122.
    3. Junqing Pan & Yanzhi Sun & Wei Li & James Knight & Arumugam Manthiram, 2013. "A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 4(1), pages 1-6, October.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Xuan Zhao & Benhong Peng & Chaoyu Zheng & Anxia Wan, 2022. "Closed-loop supply chain pricing strategy for electric vehicle batteries recycling in China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 7725-7752, June.
    3. Koh, S.C.L. & Smith, L. & Miah, J. & Astudillo, D. & Eufrasio, R.M. & Gladwin, D. & Brown, S. & Stone, D., 2021. "Higher 2nd life Lithium Titanate battery content in hybrid energy storage systems lowers environmental-economic impact and balances eco-efficiency," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Liu, Wei & Li, Xin & Liu, Chunyan & Wang, Minxi & Liu, Litao, 2023. "Resilience assessment of the cobalt supply chain in China under the impact of electric vehicles and geopolitical supply risks," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
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    6. Song, Yi & Zhang, Zhouyi & Zhang, Yijun & Cheng, Jinhua, 2022. "Technological innovation and supply of critical metals: A perspective of industrial chains," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).

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