Optimal deployment of renewable electricity technologies in Iran and implications for emissions reductions

In this paper, special focus is paid to the long-term adoption of renewable electricity technologies and their implications for emissions reductions in Iran. MESSAGE, as a bottom-up energy supply optimization model, is used to assess the lowest-cost technology options. The potential impacts of transitioning to a renewable electricity supply are quantified, and the investment requirement to achieve a low-carbon generation mix is estimated. Alternative scenarios are defined to evaluate the impact of fossil fuel prices, the carbon tax and government incentives on the utilization of renewable resources, national renewable targets, and emissions reductions. The prioritization of non-hydro renewable energy sources under different circumstances shows that wind is the most promising technology, followed by solar PV (photovoltaic), solar thermal and biogas. The findings demonstrate that the carbon tax would not individually be an effective strategy to reduce emissions. However, the carbon tax coupled with direct renewable subsidies would be more cost-effective, especially while fossil fuel prices are low. In the case of higher fossil fuel prices, the cost-effectiveness of carbon taxes at reducing emissions is not significantly influenced by the level of renewable subsidies.