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Potential of hybrid powertrains in a variable compression ratio downsized turbocharged VVA Spark Ignition engine

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  • García, Antonio
  • Monsalve-Serrano, Javier
  • Martínez-Boggio, Santiago
  • Wittek, Karsten

Abstract

After the diesel emissions scandal, also known as Dieselgate, Direct Injection Spark-Ignited (DISI) internal combustion engines (ICE) appears as the most promising alternative to mitigate the harmful tailpipe emissions from passenger cars. In spite of that, the current ICE technologies are not enough to achieve the fuel consumption/CO2 emissions targets set by the new transportation legislation (4.1 Lgasoline/100 km, 95 gCO2/km for 2021). In this complex scenario, the electrification of the powertrain using high efficiency electric motors and battery package together with sophisticated DISI engines appears as potential solution to meet these requirements. The aim of this work is to study the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in transient conditions from a passenger car equipped with a variable compression ratio (VCR) DISI engine and electrified powertrain technologies. The vehicle behavior was simulated by means of a 0D GT-Suite model fed by experimental results obtained in an engine test bench. Mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) and full hybrid electric vehicle (FHEV) architectures using a VCR DISI engine were studied. Moreover, an optimization methodology is presented to select the best vehicle configuration in terms of hardware and control strategies by means of a design of experiments (DoE). The results show that VCR allows a fuel improvement of 3% with respect to the conventional DISI fixed CR along the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycles (WLTC). The benefits found when combining the VCR technology with hybrid powertrains are even higher. In this sense, the fuel improvements were higher as the electrification levels increased, with 8% for MHEV-VCR and around 20% for FHEV-VCR. In terms of emissions, the two clear benefits with FHEV-VCR were the reduction of particle number (PN) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) of around 60% and 15%, respectively, as compared to the conventional DISI.

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  • García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martínez-Boggio, Santiago & Wittek, Karsten, 2020. "Potential of hybrid powertrains in a variable compression ratio downsized turbocharged VVA Spark Ignition engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:195:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220301468
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117039
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    3. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Tripathi, Shashwat, 2022. "Life cycle CO₂ footprint reduction comparison of hybrid and electric buses for bus transit networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    4. Abdullah U. Bajwa & Felix C. P. Leach & Martin H. Davy, 2023. "Prospects of Controlled Auto-Ignition Based Thermal Propulsion Units for Modern Gasoline Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-45, May.
    5. Galindo, José & Climent, Héctor & de la Morena, Joaquín & González-Domínguez, David & Guilain, Stéphane, 2023. "Assessment of air management strategies to improve the transient response of advanced gasoline engines operating under high EGR conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    6. Alcázar-García, Désirée & Romeral Martínez, José Luis, 2022. "Model-based design validation and optimization of drive systems in electric, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
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    8. Duarte Souza Alvarenga Santos, Nathália & Rückert Roso, Vinícius & Teixeira Malaquias, Augusto César & Coelho Baêta, José Guilherme, 2021. "Internal combustion engines and biofuels: Examining why this robust combination should not be ignored for future sustainable transportation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    9. Paykani, Amin & Garcia, Antonio & Shahbakhti, Mahdi & Rahnama, Pourya & Reitz, Rolf D., 2021. "Reactivity controlled compression ignition engine: Pathways towards commercial viability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    10. Galindo, José & Navarro, Roberto & De la Morena, Joaquín & Pitarch, Rafael & Guilain, Stéphane, 2022. "On combustion instability induced by water condensation in a low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system for spark-ignition engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    11. Serrano, J.R. & Arnau, F.J. & Bares, P. & Gomez-Vilanova, A. & Garrido-Requena, J. & Luna-Blanca, M.J. & Contreras-Anguita, F.J., 2021. "Analysis of a novel concept of 2-stroke rod-less opposed pistons engine (2S-ROPE): Testing, modelling, and forward potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    12. V, Vishal & J.M, Mallikarjuna, 2024. "Effect of baffles in the combustion chamber of a gasoline direct injection engine – A computational fluid dynamics analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    13. Fridrichová, K. & Drápal, L. & Vopařil, J. & Dlugoš, J., 2021. "Overview of the potential and limitations of cylinder deactivation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    14. Andyn Omanovic & Norbert Zsiga & Patrik Soltic & Christopher Onder, 2021. "Increased Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency with Optimized Valve Timings in Extended Stroke Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-24, May.
    15. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Tripathi, Shashwat, 2022. "Pathways to achieve future CO2 emission reduction targets for bus transit networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).

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