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Optimizing innovation, carbon and health in transport: Assessing socially optimal electric mobility and vehicle-to-grid pathways in Denmark

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  • Noel, Lance
  • Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo
  • Sovacool, Benjamin K.

Abstract

This paper examines the social costs and benefits of potential configurations of electric vehicle deployment, including and excluding vehicle-to-grid. To fully explore the benefits and costs of different electric vehicle pathways, four different scenarios are devised with both today's and 2030 electricity grid in Denmark. These scenarios combine different levels of electric vehicle implementation and communication ability, i.e. smart charging or full bi-directionality, and then paired with different levels of future renewable energy implementation. Then, the societal costs of all scenarios are calculated, including carbon and health externalities to find the least-cost mix of electric vehicles for society. The most cost-effective penetration of electric vehicles in the near future is found to be 27%, increasing to 75% by 2030. This would equate to a $34 billion reduction to societal costs in 2030, a decrease of 30% compared to business as usual. This represents a projected annual savings per vehicle of $1200 in 2030. However, current vehicle capital cost differences, a lack of willingness to pay for electric vehicles, and consumer discount rates are substantial barriers to electric vehicle deployment in Denmark in the near term.

Suggested Citation

  • Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2018. "Optimizing innovation, carbon and health in transport: Assessing socially optimal electric mobility and vehicle-to-grid pathways in Denmark," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 628-637.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:153:y:2018:i:c:p:628-637
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.076
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Turnheim, Bruno & Hook, Andrew & Brock, Andrea & Martiskainen, Mari, 2021. "Dispossessed by decarbonisation: Reducing vulnerability, injustice, and inequality in the lived experience of low-carbon pathways," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
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    10. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & de Rubens, Gerardo Zarazua, 2019. "Energy Injustice and Nordic Electric Mobility: Inequality, Elitism, and Externalities in the Electrification of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Transport," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 205-217.
    11. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
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    13. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Martiskainen, Mari & Hook, Andrew & Baker, Lucy, 2020. "Beyond cost and carbon: The multidimensional co-benefits of low carbon transitions in Europe," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    14. Englberger, Stefan & Abo Gamra, Kareem & Tepe, Benedikt & Schreiber, Michael & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "Electric vehicle multi-use: Optimizing multiple value streams using mobile storage systems in a vehicle-to-grid context," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    15. Guido Ala & Ilhami Colak & Gabriella Di Filippo & Rosario Miceli & Pietro Romano & Carla Silva & Stanimir Valtchev & Fabio Viola, 2021. "Electric Mobility in Portugal: Current Situation and Forecasts for Fuel Cell Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-23, November.
    16. Benjamin K. Sovacool & Mari Martiskainen & Andrew Hook & Lucy Baker, 2019. "Decarbonization and its discontents: a critical energy justice perspective on four low-carbon transitions," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 155(4), pages 581-619, August.
    17. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Noel, Lance & Kester, Johannes & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2018. "Reviewing Nordic transport challenges and climate policy priorities: Expert perceptions of decarbonisation in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 532-542.
    18. Jannati, Jamil & Nazarpour, Daryoush, 2018. "Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles intelligent parking lot in the presence of hydrogen storage system under peak load management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 338-350.
    19. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    20. Krumm, Alexandra & Süsser, Diana & Blechinger, Philipp, 2022. "Modelling social aspects of the energy transition: What is the current representation of social factors in energy models?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).

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