IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v377y2025ipcs030626192402035x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Thermodynamic investigation of a Joule-Brayton cycle Carnot battery multi-energy system integrated with external thermal (heat and cold) sources

Author

Listed:
  • Huang, Jiaxing
  • Zhao, Yao
  • Song, Jian
  • Wang, Kai
  • Zhu, Peiwang
  • Liu, Bingchi
  • Sun, Peifeng

Abstract

The electro-thermal conversion working mode implies that Carnot batteries have the potential to transform into multi-energy management systems by scheduling and converting different energy vectors according to energy demands. In this paper, a thermodynamic model of Joule-Brayton cycle Carnot battery multi-energy systems is established, based on which two methods of conversion and utilisation of external multi-grade heat and cold are proposed to respond to changes in energy demand. The effects of key parameters such as heat and cold source temperatures, the amount of absorbed heat and cold energy, working fluid mass flow rate and discharge duration on the performance of electricity efficiency, exergy efficiency and coefficient of performance are discussed. The results show that the electricity efficiency of the Carnot battery multi-energy system can be increased to 68.8%–78.0% when the system integrates heat sources only, and to 113.9%–115.2% when the system integrates both heat and cold sources. Additionally, the methods of increasing the working fluid mass flow rate and extending discharge duration allow such systems to integrate with multiple heat and cold sources in combined cooling, heating and power mode. Furthermore, the technical feasibility of such systems is also evaluated for a large energy hub in China, with the coefficient of performance, exergy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions rate reaching 119.3%, 85.1% and 94.3 t/h, respectively. The Carnot battery multi-energy system possesses sufficient flexibility in the domain of multi-energy utilisation, demonstrating its potential to evolve into smart energy hubs for cities or districts.

Suggested Citation

  • Huang, Jiaxing & Zhao, Yao & Song, Jian & Wang, Kai & Zhu, Peiwang & Liu, Bingchi & Sun, Peifeng, 2025. "Thermodynamic investigation of a Joule-Brayton cycle Carnot battery multi-energy system integrated with external thermal (heat and cold) sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pc:s030626192402035x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124652
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192402035X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124652?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2014. "MES (multi-energy systems): An overview of concepts and evaluation models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1-17.
    2. Zhao, Yao & Huang, Jiaxing & Song, Jian & Ding, Yulong, 2024. "Thermodynamic investigation of a Carnot battery based multi-energy system with cascaded latent thermal (heat and cold) energy stores," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    3. Antonio Jesús Subires & Antonio Rovira & Marta Muñoz, 2024. "Proposal and Study of a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage to Improve the Economic Results of a Concentrated Solar Power That Works with a Hybrid Rankine–Brayton Propane Cycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-31, April.
    4. White, Alexander & McTigue, Joshua & Markides, Christos, 2014. "Wave propagation and thermodynamic losses in packed-bed thermal reservoirs for energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 648-657.
    5. White, Alexander J., 2011. "Loss analysis of thermal reservoirs for electrical energy storage schemes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 4150-4159.
    6. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.
    7. Zhao, Y. & You, Y. & Liu, H.B. & Zhao, C.Y. & Xu, Z.G., 2018. "Experimental study on the thermodynamic performance of cascaded latent heat storage in the heat charging process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 690-706.
    8. Mohammadi, Mohammad & Noorollahi, Younes & Mohammadi-ivatloo, Behnam & Yousefi, Hossein, 2017. "Energy hub: From a model to a concept – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1512-1527.
    9. Wang, Penglai & Li, Qibin & Wang, Shukun & He, Chao & Tang, Junrong, 2023. "Thermo-economic analysis and comparative study of different thermally integrated pumped thermal electricity storage systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    10. She, Xiaohui & Zhang, Tongtong & Cong, Lin & Peng, Xiaodong & Li, Chuan & Luo, Yimo & Ding, Yulong, 2019. "Flexible integration of liquid air energy storage with liquefied natural gas regasification for power generation enhancement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    11. Zhao, Y. & Zhao, C.Y. & Markides, C.N. & Wang, H. & Li, W., 2020. "Medium- and high-temperature latent and thermochemical heat storage using metals and metallic compounds as heat storage media: A technical review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    12. Wu, Ding & Ma, Bo & Zhang, Ji & Chen, Yanqi & Shen, Feifan & Chen, Xun & Wen, Chuang & Yang, Yan, 2024. "Working fluid pair selection of thermally integrated pumped thermal electricity storage system for waste heat recovery and energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    13. Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter & Bauer, Dan & Jockenhöfer, Henning & Johnson, Maike, 2019. "Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) as smart sector-coupling technology for heat and electricity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 185-190.
    14. Laterre, Antoine & Dumont, Olivier & Lemort, Vincent & Contino, Francesco, 2024. "Extended mapping and systematic optimisation of the Carnot battery trilemma for sub-critical cycles with thermal integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    15. Tay, N.H.S. & Belusko, M. & Bruno, F., 2012. "An effectiveness-NTU technique for characterising tube-in-tank phase change thermal energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 309-319.
    16. Petrollese, Mario & Cascetta, Mario & Tola, Vittorio & Cocco, Daniele & Cau, Giorgio, 2022. "Pumped thermal energy storage systems integrated with a concentrating solar power section: Conceptual design and performance evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    17. McTigue, Joshua D. & White, Alexander J. & Markides, Christos N., 2015. "Parametric studies and optimisation of pumped thermal electricity storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 800-811.
    18. Frate, Guido Francesco & Baccioli, Andrea & Bernardini, Leonardo & Ferrari, Lorenzo, 2022. "Assessment of the off-design performance of a solar thermally-integrated pumped-thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 636-650.
    19. Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chai, Lei & Peng, Long & Yu, Dong & Chen, Haisheng, 2019. "Cyclic transient behavior of the Joule–Brayton based pumped heat electricity storage: Modeling and analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 523-534.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhao, Yao & Huang, Jiaxing & Song, Jian & Ding, Yulong, 2024. "Thermodynamic investigation of a Carnot battery based multi-energy system with cascaded latent thermal (heat and cold) energy stores," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    2. Xue, X.J. & Wang, H.N. & Wang, J.H. & Yang, B. & Yan, J. & Zhao, C.Y., 2024. "Experimental and numerical investigation on latent heat/cold stores for advanced pumped-thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    3. Ameen, Muhammad Tahir & Ma, Zhiwei & Smallbone, Andrew & Norman, Rose & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2023. "Demonstration system of pumped heat energy storage (PHES) and its round-trip efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    4. Zhao, Yongliang & Song, Jian & Liu, Ming & Zhao, Yao & Olympios, Andreas V. & Sapin, Paul & Yan, Junjie & Markides, Christos N., 2022. "Thermo-economic assessments of pumped-thermal electricity storage systems employing sensible heat storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 431-456.
    5. Ge, Y.Q. & Zhao, Y. & Zhao, C.Y., 2021. "Transient simulation and thermodynamic analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage based on packed-bed latent heat/cold stores," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 939-951.
    6. Xue, X.J. & Zhao, C.Y., 2023. "Transient behavior and thermodynamic analysis of Brayton-like pumped-thermal electricity storage based on packed-bed latent heat/cold stores," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    7. Alberto Benato & Francesco De Vanna & Anna Stoppato, 2022. "Levelling the Photovoltaic Power Profile with the Integrated Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-21, December.
    8. Zhang, Han & Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chen, Haisheng, 2023. "Operating mode of Brayton-cycle-based pumped thermal electricity storage system: Constant compression ratio or constant rotational speed?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    9. Zhang, Han & Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chen, Haisheng, 2020. "Combined cooling, heating, and power generation performance of pumped thermal electricity storage system based on Brayton cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    10. Zhang, Han & Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chen, Haisheng, 2022. "Technical and economic analysis of Brayton-cycle-based pumped thermal electricity storage systems with direct and indirect thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    11. Zhang, Han & Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Chen, Haisheng, 2023. "Parametric optimisation and thermo-economic analysis of Joule–Brayton cycle-based pumped thermal electricity storage system under various charging–discharging periods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    12. Liang, Ting & Vecchi, Andrea & Knobloch, Kai & Sciacovelli, Adriano & Engelbrecht, Kurt & Li, Yongliang & Ding, Yulong, 2022. "Key components for Carnot Battery: Technology review, technical barriers and selection criteria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    13. Saghafifar, Mohammad & Schnellmann, Matthias A. & Scott, Stuart A., 2020. "Chemical looping electricity storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    14. Georgiou, Solomos & Shah, Nilay & Markides, Christos N., 2018. "A thermo-economic analysis and comparison of pumped-thermal and liquid-air electricity storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 1119-1133.
    15. McTigue, J.D. & White, A.J., 2018. "A comparison of radial-flow and axial-flow packed beds for thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 533-541.
    16. Frate, Guido Francesco & Ferrari, Lorenzo & Desideri, Umberto, 2021. "Energy storage for grid-scale applications: Technology review and economic feasibility analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1754-1772.
    17. Albert, Max & Ma, Zhiwei & Bao, Huashan & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2022. "Operation and performance of Brayton Pumped Thermal Energy Storage with additional latent storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    18. Guo, Juncheng & Cai, Ling & Chen, Jincan & Zhou, Yinghui, 2016. "Performance optimization and comparison of pumped thermal and pumped cryogenic electricity storage systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 260-269.
    19. Blanquiceth, J. & Cardemil, J.M. & Henríquez, M. & Escobar, R., 2023. "Thermodynamic evaluation of a pumped thermal electricity storage system integrated with large-scale thermal power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    20. Wang, Liang & Lin, Xipeng & Zhang, Han & Peng, Long & Chen, Haisheng, 2021. "Brayton-cycle-based pumped heat electricity storage with innovative operation mode of thermal energy storage array," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pc:s030626192402035x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.