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A tri-level optimal defense method against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering full substation topology

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  • Qin, Chao
  • Zhong, Chongyu
  • Sun, Bing
  • Jin, Xiaolong
  • Zeng, Yuan

Abstract

In recent years, power systems have been facing an increasing risk of malicious attacks. As modern power systems have a greater reliance on communication and automatic control systems, coordinated cyber-physical attacks will cause more serious consequences for the reliable power supply than traditional malicious attacks. To enhance the resilience of power systems against coordinated attacks, a defense method to allocating hardening resources is proposed in this paper considering the full substation topology and the multi-stage response process of power systems. The problem is formulated as a tri-level optimization model involving interactions among the defender, the attacker, and the operator, in which the synergy impact of three attack forms is considered, i.e., physical attacks causing short-circuiting, cyber attacks causing protective relay misoperation, and cyber attacks causing protective relay maloperation. A graph-based analytical model is established to characterize the impact process of such coordinated attacks on power systems. Case studies are conducted on the IEEE RTS 24-bus system. The influence mechanism of coordinated cyber-physical attacks involving protective relays on power systems is systematically revealed. Results show that the proposed method can effectively defend against the above-mentioned coordinated attacks, and enhance the resilience level of power systems. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is implemented on the influence of attack resources and defense resources on the unserved energy at each stage of the system.

Suggested Citation

  • Qin, Chao & Zhong, Chongyu & Sun, Bing & Jin, Xiaolong & Zeng, Yuan, 2023. "A tri-level optimal defense method against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering full substation topology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:339:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923003252
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120961
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Huaizhi & Meng, Anjian & Liu, Yitao & Fu, Xueqian & Cao, Guangzhong, 2019. "Unscented Kalman Filter based interval state estimation of cyber physical energy system for detection of dynamic attack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Zeyu & Li, Hang & Hou, Kai & Xu, Xiandong & Jia, Hongjie & Zhu, Lewei & Mu, Yunfei, 2023. "Risk assessment and alleviation of regional integrated energy system considering cross-system failures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    2. Erdal Irmak & Ersan Kabalci & Yasin Kabalci, 2023. "Digital Transformation of Microgrids: A Review of Design, Operation, Optimization, and Cybersecurity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-58, June.
    3. Zhao, Yirui & Li, Yong & Cao, Yijia & Yan, Mingyu, 2023. "Risk-based contingency analysis for power systems considering a combination of different types of cyber-attacks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).

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