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Quantifying cell-to-cell variations of a parallel battery module for different pack configurations

Author

Listed:
  • Hosseinzadeh, Elham
  • Arias, Sebastian
  • Krishna, Muthu
  • Worwood, Daniel
  • Barai, Anup
  • Widanalage, Dhammika
  • Marco, James

Abstract

Cell-to-cell variations can originate from manufacturing inconsistency or poor design of the battery pack/thermal management system. The potential impact of such variations may limit the energy capacity of the pack, which for electric vehicle applications leads to reduced range, increased degradation along with state of health dispersion within a pack. The latter is known to reduce the accessible energy and the overcharging/discharging of some of the cells within a system, which may cause safety concerns. This study investigates the short-term impact of such effects, which is highly important for designing of an energy storage system. A generic pack model comprising individual cell models is developed in Simscape and validated for a 1s-15p module architecture. The results highlight that a number of cells and interconnection resistance values between the cells are the dominant factors for cell-to-cell variation. A Z shape module architecture show a significant advantage over a ladder configuration due to the reduced impact of interconnection resistance on differential current flow within the module. Current imbalance is significantly higher for a ladder system and its magnitude is not dependent on the module current. Capacity variation does not have a significant impact on the system. By increasing the capacity variation from 9% to 40% the current inhomogeneity increases from 4% to 13%, whilst 25% resistance variation leads to 22% current dispersion. Further, a linear relationship is observed between the current inhomogeneity and thermal gradient (ΔT). A 30 °C ΔT leads to 24% current variation within the module.

Suggested Citation

  • Hosseinzadeh, Elham & Arias, Sebastian & Krishna, Muthu & Worwood, Daniel & Barai, Anup & Widanalage, Dhammika & Marco, James, 2021. "Quantifying cell-to-cell variations of a parallel battery module for different pack configurations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:282:y:2021:i:pa:s0306261920313337
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115859
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Limei & Cheng, Yong & Zhao, Xiuliang, 2015. "A LiFePO4 battery pack capacity estimation approach considering in-parallel cell safety in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 293-302.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhu, Wenhao & Lei, Fei & Zhong, Hao & Wang, Dongjie, 2023. "An improved reliability assessment method for lithium-ion battery system considering imbalanced current and uneven cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    2. Tian, Yong & Huang, Zhijia & Li, Xiaoyu & Tian, Jindong, 2022. "Parallel-connected battery module modeling based on physical characteristics in multiple domains and heterogeneous characteristic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    3. Kim, Hong-Keun & Lee, Kyu-Jin, 2023. "Use of a multiphysics model to investigate the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs with different electrical configurations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    4. Song, Ziyou & Yang, Niankai & Lin, Xinfan & Pinto Delgado, Fanny & Hofmann, Heath & Sun, Jing, 2022. "Progression of cell-to-cell variation within battery modules under different cooling structures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    5. Astaneh, Majid & Andric, Jelena & Löfdahl, Lennart & Stopp, Peter, 2022. "Multiphysics simulation optimization framework for lithium-ion battery pack design for electric vehicle applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    6. Li, Changlong & Cui, Naxin & Chang, Long & Cui, Zhongrui & Yuan, Haitao & Zhang, Chenghui, 2022. "Effect of parallel connection topology on air-cooled lithium-ion battery module: Inconsistency analysis and comprehensive evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    7. Chen, Haosen & Fan, Jinbao & Zhang, Mingliang & Feng, Xiaolong & Zhong, Ximing & He, Jianchao & Ai, Shigang, 2023. "Mechanism of inhomogeneous deformation and equal-stiffness design of large-format prismatic lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    8. Mohammad Al-Amin & Anup Barai & T.R. Ashwin & James Marco, 2021. "An Insight to the Degradation Behaviour of the Parallel Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    9. Jun Wang & Lin Ruan & Ruiwei Li, 2022. "Parametric Investigation on the Electrical-Thermal Performance of Battery Modules with a Pumped Two-Phase Cooling System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-18, October.
    10. Li, Da & Zhang, Lei & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Liu, Peng & Deng, Junjun & Wang, Qiushi & Wang, Zhenpo, 2023. "Battery safety issue detection in real-world electric vehicles by integrated modeling and voltage abnormality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    11. Yang, Chen, 2022. "Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: Coupling cost and energy analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).

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