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How much energy does a car need on the road?

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  • Küng, Lukas
  • Bütler, Thomas
  • Georges, Gil
  • Boulouchos, Konstantinos

Abstract

A car often requires more energy when driven in daily operation than indicated by the manufacturer. This paper presents a model to derive this real-world energy demand for a passenger car, based on a few widely available input data on vehicle operation. The approach works for conventional and alternative propulsion technologies. The underlying data stem from an extensive Swiss chassis dynamometer and on-road measurement campaign, which lasted for more than a year. The test fleet consisted of a compressed natural gas, gasoline hybrid, gasoline plug-in hybrid, fuel cell electric, and a battery-electric vehicle. The derived model adjusts the propulsive power demand within the legislative WLTP cycle for class 3b vehicles to a road mission by incorporating effects of traffic, driving styles, and topography. It additionally accounts for load from auxiliary devices. The approach works with input data from a household travel survey or traffic flow simulation and can serve as a tool to everyone who needs to estimate the average on-road energy demand of any passenger car or a fleet of them, rather than their type-approval values. Tested on a compact-sized vehicle, the approach estimates a mean discrepancy in real-world energy demand to WLTP type-approval values for Switzerland of about 22% for conventional cars. Furthermore, we can show similar gaps for hybrid technologies of around 30% and for battery-electric cars of 25%.

Suggested Citation

  • Küng, Lukas & Bütler, Thomas & Georges, Gil & Boulouchos, Konstantinos, 2019. "How much energy does a car need on the road?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:256:y:2019:i:c:s0306261919316356
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113948
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    2. Alexandros T. Zachiotis & Evangelos G. Giakoumis, 2021. "Monte Carlo Simulation Methodology to Assess the Impact of Ambient Wind on Emissions from a Light-Commercial Vehicle Running on the Worldwide-Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Noll, Bessie & del Val, Santiago & Schmidt, Tobias S. & Steffen, Bjarne, 2022. "Analyzing the competitiveness of low-carbon drive-technologies in road-freight: A total cost of ownership analysis in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
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    5. Shuhan Hu & Hongyuan Chen, 2022. "Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of Liquefied Natural Gas and Diesel Tractor-Trailer in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-22, January.
    6. Mihai Machedon-Pisu & Paul Nicolae Borza, 2019. "Are Personal Electric Vehicles Sustainable? A Hybrid E-Bike Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-24, December.
    7. Barouch Giechaskiel & Dimitrios Komnos & Georgios Fontaras, 2021. "Impacts of Extreme Ambient Temperatures and Road Gradient on Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-20, September.
    8. Nikolaos Aletras & Stylianos Doulgeris & Zissis Samaras & Leonidas Ntziachristos, 2023. "Comparative Assessment of Supervisory Control Algorithms for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-17, February.
    9. Zhao, Yinan & Wen, Yifan & Wang, Fang & Tu, Wei & Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Hao, Jiming, 2023. "Feasibility, economic and carbon reduction benefits of ride-hailing vehicle electrification by coupling travel trajectory and charging infrastructure data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    10. Al-Wreikat, Yazan & Serrano, Clara & Sodré, José Ricardo, 2022. "Effects of ambient temperature and trip characteristics on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    11. Hjelkrem, Odd André & Arnesen, Petter & Aarseth Bø, Torstein & Sondell, Rebecka Snefuglli, 2020. "Estimation of tank-to-wheel efficiency functions based on type approval data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

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