IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v163y2016icp154-166.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Buyu
  • Mosbach, Sebastian
  • Schmutzhard, Sebastian
  • Shuai, Shijin
  • Huang, Yaqing
  • Kraft, Markus

Abstract

In this study, soot formation in a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine is simulated using a Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM Engine Suite) which contains a detailed population balance soot model capable of describing particle morphology and chemical composition. In order to describe the soot formation originating from the wall film, the SRM Engine Suite is extended to include spray impingement and wall film evaporation models. The cylinder is divided into a wall and a bulk zone to resolve the equivalence ratio and temperature distributions of the mixture near the wall. The combustion chamber wall is assumed to exchange heat directly only with the wall zone. The turbulent mixing within each zone and between the two zones are simulated with different mixing models. The effects of key parameters on the temperature and equivalence ratio in the two zones are investigated. The mixing rate between the wall and bulk zone has a significant effect on the wall zone, whilst the mixing rate in the wall zone only has a negligible impact on the temperature and equivalence ratio below a certain threshold. Experimental data are obtained from a four-cylinder, gasoline-fuelled direct injection spark ignition engine operated stoichiometrically. An injection timing sweep, ranging from 120 CAD BTDC to 330 CAD BTDC, is conducted in order to investigate the effect of spray impingement on soot formation. The earliest injection case (330 CAD BTDC), which produces significantly higher levels of particle emissions than any other case, is simulated by the current model. It is found that the in-cylinder pressure and the heat release rate match well with the experimental data. The particle size distribution in the simulation has the same order of magnitude as the experimental one. By tracing the particles in an equivalence ratio-temperature diagram, it is demonstrated that the rich mixture near the wall becomes the source of the soot formation as a result of the wall film evaporation.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Buyu & Mosbach, Sebastian & Schmutzhard, Sebastian & Shuai, Shijin & Huang, Yaqing & Kraft, Markus, 2016. "Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 154-166.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:163:y:2016:i:c:p:154-166
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.011
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191501452X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.011?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bermúdez, Vicente & Luján, José Manuel & Climent, Héctor & Campos, Daniel, 2015. "Assessment of pollutants emission and aftertreatment efficiency in a GTDi engine including cooled LP-EGR system under different steady-state operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 459-473.
    2. Storch, Michael & Hinrichsen, Florian & Wensing, Michael & Will, Stefan & Zigan, Lars, 2015. "The effect of ethanol blending on mixture formation, combustion and soot emission studied in an optical DISI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 783-792.
    3. Lattimore, Thomas & Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Wyszynski, Miroslaw L. & Shuai, Shijin, 2016. "Investigation of EGR Effect on Combustion and PM Emissions in a DISI Engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 256-267.
    4. Cho, Jaeho & Si, Woosung & Jang, Wonwook & Jin, Dongyoung & Myung, Cha-Lee & Park, Simsoo, 2015. "Impact of intermediate ethanol blends on particulate matter emission from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 592-602.
    5. Bonatesta, F. & Chiappetta, E. & La Rocca, A., 2014. "Part-load particulate matter from a GDI engine and the connection with combustion characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 366-376.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Xinlei & Wang, Hu & Wang, Xiaofeng & Zheng, Zunqing & Yao, Mingfa, 2017. "Experimental and modelling investigations of the diesel surrogate fuels in direct injection compression ignition combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 187-200.
    2. Wang, Ziman & Badawy, Tawfik & Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Experimental characterization of closely coupled split isooctane sprays under flash boiling conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 199-209.
    3. Costa, M. & Catapano, F. & Sementa, P. & Sorge, U. & Vaglieco, B.M., 2016. "Mixture preparation and combustion in a GDI engine under stoichiometric or lean charge: an experimental and numerical study on an optically accessible engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 86-103.
    4. Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
    5. Del Pecchia, Marco & Fontanesi, Stefano & Prager, Jens & Kralj, Cedomir & Lehtiniemi, Harry, 2020. "A threshold soot index-based fuel surrogate formulation methodology to mimic sooting tendency of real fuels in 3D-CFD simulations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    6. Wu, Shaohua & Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming, 2019. "Implementation of an efficient method of moments for treatment of soot formation and oxidation processes in three-dimensional engine simulations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    7. Qian, Yong & Li, Zilong & Yu, Liang & Wang, Xiaole & Lu, Xingcai, 2019. "Review of the state-of-the-art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1269-1298.
    8. Jia, Shuwei & Liu, Xiaolu & Yan, Guangle, 2019. "Effect of APCF policy on the haze pollution in China: A system dynamics approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 33-44.
    9. Wu, Shaohua & Lao, Chung Ting & Akroyd, Jethro & Mosbach, Sebastian & Yang, Wenming & Kraft, Markus, 2020. "A joint moment projection method and maximum entropy approach for simulation of soot formation and oxidation in diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    10. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    11. E, Jiaqiang & Zhao, Xiaohuan & Liu, Guanlin & Zhang, Bin & Zuo, Qingsong & Wei, Kexiang & Li, Hongmei & Han, Dandan & Gong, Jinke, 2019. "Effects analysis on optimal microwave energy consumption in the heating process of composite regeneration for the diesel particulate filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    12. Wang, Dongfang & Zhang, Jiahao & Li, Yikai & Shi, Zhongjie & Yang, Ziming, 2023. "Experimental investigation of a post-combustion pool fire phenomenon due to the spray-wall interaction under DI engine-like cold-start conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    13. Wu, Shaohua & Yang, Wenming & Xu, Hongpeng & Jiang, Yu, 2019. "Investigation of soot aggregate formation and oxidation in compression ignition engines with a pseudo bi-variate soot model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    14. Wu, Shaohua & Akroyd, Jethro & Mosbach, Sebastian & Brownbridge, George & Parry, Owen & Page, Vivian & Yang, Wenming & Kraft, Markus, 2020. "Efficient simulation and auto-calibration of soot particle processes in Diesel engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    15. Rashwan, Sherif S. & Ibrahim, Abdelmaged H. & Abou-Arab, Tharwat W. & Nemitallah, Medhat A. & Habib, Mohamed A., 2016. "Experimental investigation of partially premixed methane–air and methane–oxygen flames stabilized over a perforated-plate burner," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 126-137.
    16. Jiang, Changzhao & Parker, Matthew C. & Butcher, Daniel & Spencer, Adrian & Garner, Colin P. & Helie, Jerome, 2019. "Comparison of flash boiling resistance of two injector designs and the consequences on downsized gasoline engine emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    17. Yu, Shenghao & Yin, Bifeng & Bi, Qinsheng & Chen, Chen & Jia, Hekun, 2021. "Experimental and numerical investigation on inner flow and spray characteristics of elliptical GDI injectors with large aspect ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Anbari Attar, Mohammadreza & Xu, Hongming, 2016. "Experimental investigation of impacts of engine hardware, operating parameters and combustion performance on particulate emissions in a DISI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 703-715.
    2. Qian, Yong & Li, Zilong & Yu, Liang & Wang, Xiaole & Lu, Xingcai, 2019. "Review of the state-of-the-art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1269-1298.
    3. Koegl, M. & Hofbeck, B. & Will, S. & Zigan, L., 2018. "Investigation of soot formation and oxidation of ethanol and butanol fuel blends in a DISI engine at different exhaust gas recirculation rates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 426-434.
    4. Davide D. Sciortino & Fabrizio Bonatesta & Edward Hopkins & Changho Yang & Denise Morrey, 2017. "A Combined Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Wall-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-27, September.
    5. Li, Tie & Yin, Tao & Wang, Bin, 2017. "Anatomy of the cooled EGR effects on soot emission reduction in boosted spark-ignited direct-injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 43-56.
    6. Storch, Michael & Koegl, Matthias & Altenhoff, Michael & Will, Stefan & Zigan, Lars, 2016. "Investigation of soot formation of spark-ignited ethanol-blended gasoline sprays with single- and multi-component base fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 278-287.
    7. Zhang, Bin & E, Jiaqiang & Gong, Jinke & Yuan, Wenhua & Zuo, Wei & Li, Yu & Fu, Jun, 2016. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of the diesel particulate filter in the composite regeneration process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 14-28.
    8. Liu, Haoye & Li, Ziyang & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Nucleation mode particle evolution in a gasoline direct injection engine with/without a three-way catalyst converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    9. Shi, Lei & Ji, Changwei & Wang, Shuofeng & Su, Teng & Cong, Xiaoyu & Wang, Du & Tang, Chuanqi, 2019. "Effects of second injection timing on combustion characteristics of the spark ignition direct injection gasoline engines with dimethyl ether enrichment in the intake port," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 10-18.
    10. Yu, Wenbin & Zhao, Feiyang & Yang, Wenming, 2020. "Qualitative analysis of particulate matter emission from diesel engine fueled with Jet A-1 under multivariate combustion boundaries by principal component analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    11. Gao, Zhiming & Curran, Scott J. & Parks, James E. & Smith, David E. & Wagner, Robert M. & Daw, C. Stuart & Edwards, K. Dean & Thomas, John F., 2015. "Drive cycle simulation of high efficiency combustions on fuel economy and exhaust properties in light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 762-776.
    12. Nabi, M.N. & Rasul, M.G. & Rahman, S.M.A. & Dowell, Ashley & Ristovski, Z.D. & Brown, R.J., 2019. "Study of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel engine with tea tree oil-diglyme blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 216-228.
    13. Liu, Zengbin & Zhen, Xudong & Tian, Zhi & Liu, Daming & Wang, Yang, 2024. "Study on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection spark ignition bio-butanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    14. Tara Larsson & Senthil Krishnan Mahendar & Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson & Ulf Olofsson, 2021. "The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, June.
    15. Lee, Ziyoung & Park, Sungwook, 2020. "Particulate and gaseous emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition engine fueled with bioethanol and gasoline blends at ultra-high injection pressure," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 80-90.
    16. Yin, Xiaojun & Sun, Nannan & Sun, Ting & Shen, Hongguang & Mehra, Roopesh Kumar & Liu, Junlong & Wang, Ying & Yang, Bo & Zeng, Ke, 2022. "Experimental investigation the effects of spark discharge characteristics on the heavy-duty spark ignition natural gas engine at low load condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    17. Wu, Shaohua & Yang, Wenming & Xu, Hongpeng & Jiang, Yu, 2019. "Investigation of soot aggregate formation and oxidation in compression ignition engines with a pseudo bi-variate soot model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    18. Jihwan Jang & Jonghui Choi & Hoseung Yi & Sungwook Park, 2020. "Effects of the Bore to Stroke Ratio on Combustion, Gaseous and Particulate Emissions in a Small Port Fuel Injection Engine Fueled with Ethanol Blended Gasoline," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, January.
    19. De Bellis, Vincenzo, 2016. "Performance optimization of a spark-ignition turbocharged VVA engine under knock limited operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 162-174.
    20. Cha-Lee Myung & Juwon Kim & Wonwook Jang & Dongyoung Jin & Simsoo Park & Jeongmin Lee, 2015. "Nanoparticle Filtration Characteristics of Advanced Metal Foam Media for a Spark Ignition Direct Injection Engine in Steady Engine Operating Conditions and Vehicle Test Modes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-17, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    GDI engine; Soot; Wall film;
    All these keywords.

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:163:y:2016:i:c:p:154-166. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.