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Emulsification analysis of bio-oil and diesel under various combinations of emulsifiers

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  • Lin, Bo-Jhih
  • Chen, Wei-Hsin
  • Budzianowski, Wojciech M.
  • Hsieh, Cheng-Ting
  • Lin, Pei-Hsun

Abstract

Emulsification characteristics of bio-oils and diesel at various operating conditions are analyzed. Three different commercial emulsifiers (i.e., Span 80, Tween 80, and Atlox 4914) and four bio-oils from fast pyrolysis of wood wastes are studied. When the three emulsifiers are individually employed, the performance of the emulsifiers is characterized by the order of Atlox 4914>Span 80>Tween 80. Atlox 4914, consisting of the hydrophilic portion of PEG and the hydrophobic portion of poly alkyd resin, has a better performance. The HLB value of an emulsifier can be obtained by blending Span 80 and Tween 80 or Span 80 and Atlox 4914. The optimum HLB for the emulsification of bio-oils and diesel linearly increases with increasing the atomic O/C or H/C ratio, water content, and decreasing higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil. The correlation of the optimum HLB and HHV provides the best result, which can be employed for practical emulsification operation between bio-oils and diesel and is conduce to reducing operation cost. The functional groups in the emulsifiers, bio-oils, and diesel are analyzed by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to recognize the characteristics of emulsions. It is found that FTIR is a fast and effective tool to examine the stability and homogeneity of emulsified fuels, even though no stratification is observed. Accordingly, this developed method can be used to rapidly and precisely identify the performance of emulsification in industry.

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  • Lin, Bo-Jhih & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Budzianowski, Wojciech M. & Hsieh, Cheng-Ting & Lin, Pei-Hsun, 2016. "Emulsification analysis of bio-oil and diesel under various combinations of emulsifiers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 746-757.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:178:y:2016:i:c:p:746-757
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.104
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    5. Lin, Bo-Jhih & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Hsieh, Tzu-Hsien & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Show, Pau Loke & Naqvi, Salman Raza, 2019. "Oxidative reaction interaction and synergistic index of emulsified pyrolysis bio-oil/diesel fuels," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 223-234.
    6. Chen, Wei-Hsin & Lin, Yu-Ying & Liu, Hsuah-Cheng & Chen, Teng-Chien & Hung, Chun-Hung & Chen, Chi-Hui & Ong, Hwai Chyuan, 2019. "A comprehensive analysis of food waste derived liquefaction bio-oil properties for industrial application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 283-291.
    7. Wang, Zhaowen & Shi, Shuguo & Huang, Sheng & Tang, Jie & Du, Tao & Cheng, Xiaobei & Huang, Ronghua & Chen, Jyh-Yuan, 2018. "Effects of water content on evaporation and combustion characteristics of water emulsified diesel spray," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 397-407.
    8. Leng, Lijian & Han, Pei & Yuan, Xingzhong & Li, Jun & Zhou, Wenguang, 2018. "Biodiesel microemulsion upgrading and thermogravimetric study of bio-oil produced by liquefaction of different sludges," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 1061-1072.
    9. Leng, Lijian & Li, Hui & Yuan, Xingzhong & Zhou, Wenguang & Huang, Huajun, 2018. "Bio-oil upgrading by emulsification/microemulsification: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 214-232.
    10. Li, Zhiyu & Jiang, Enchen & Xu, Xiwei & Sun, Yan & Tu, Ren, 2020. "Hydrodeoxygenation of phenols, acids, and ketones as model bio-oil for hydrocarbon fuel over Ni-based catalysts modified by Al, La and Ga," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1991-2007.
    11. David Längauer & Yu-Ying Lin & Wei-Hsin Chen & Chao-Wen Wang & Michal Šafář & Vladimír Čablík, 2018. "Simultaneous Extraction and Emulsification of Food Waste Liquefaction Bio-Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-13, November.
    12. Lee, Kuan-Ting & Cheng, Ching-Lin & Lee, Da-Sheng & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Vo, Dai-Viet N. & Ding, Lu & Lam, Su Shiung, 2022. "Spent coffee grounds biochar from torrefaction as a potential adsorbent for spilled diesel oil recovery and as an alternative fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
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