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Salts dynamics in maize irrigation in the Hetao plateau using static water table lysimeters and HYDRUS-1D with focus on the autumn leaching irrigation

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  • Ramos, Tiago B.
  • Liu, Meihan
  • Paredes, Paula
  • Shi, Haibin
  • Feng, Zhuangzhuang
  • Lei, Huimin
  • Pereira, Luis S.

Abstract

Soil salinization problems are widespread in the Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia, resulting from arid climate conditions, a shallow saline water table, poor irrigation water management, and insufficient drainage. This study follows previous research aimed at evaluating crop water use and controlling the salinity build-up in the region, namely using weighing and static water table lysimeters to parameterize a water balance model aimed at the development of appropriate irrigation scheduling. Two sets of five static water table lysimeters, which fixed depths ranged from 1.25 to 2.25 m, were used over two maize crop seasons. The mechanistic HYDRUS-1D model was further used to daily predict measured data on soil water contents, boundary fluxes in the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones, the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation paste extract (ECe), and the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act). The soil water balance helped quantify the combined effect of water and salinity stresses on root water uptake as well as groundwater fluxes into the rootzone. The salt balance showed that the salinity build-up was much related to irrigation and capillary fluxes, and that the autumn irrigation carried out during the non-growing season was essential for controlling soil salinity. The efficiency of the autumn irrigation much depended on groundwater depth and the amount of water applied for salt leaching, with the best results found for the lysimeters with water table depths at 2.0 and 2.25 m (85–100%) for irrigation depths ≥ 220 mm. The lysimeters with shallower water tables never showed a leaching efficiency higher than 88%. This research shows that the sustainability of irrigation in Hetao depends on finding adequate solutions for controlling the depth of the saline groundwater, minimizing capillary fluxes to the rootzone, and developing consequent approaches for autumn irrigation leaching.

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  • Ramos, Tiago B. & Liu, Meihan & Paredes, Paula & Shi, Haibin & Feng, Zhuangzhuang & Lei, Huimin & Pereira, Luis S., 2023. "Salts dynamics in maize irrigation in the Hetao plateau using static water table lysimeters and HYDRUS-1D with focus on the autumn leaching irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:283:y:2023:i:c:s0378377423001713
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108306
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    22. Miao, Qingfeng & Rosa, Ricardo D. & Shi, Haibin & Paredes, Paula & Zhu, Li & Dai, Jiaxin & Gonçalves, José M. & Pereira, Luis S., 2016. "Modeling water use, transpiration and soil evaporation of spring wheat–maize and spring wheat–sunflower relay intercropping using the dual crop coefficient approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 211-229.
    23. Ramos, Tiago B. & Darouich, Hanaa & Oliveira, Ana R. & Farzamian, Mohammad & Monteiro, Tomás & Castanheira, Nádia & Paz, Ana & Alexandre, Carlos & Gonçalves, Maria C. & Pereira, Luís S., 2023. "Water use, soil water balance and soil salinization risks of Mediterranean tree orchards in southern Portugal under current climate variability: Issues for salinity control and irrigation management," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
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    2. Liu, Yi & Hu, Yue & Wei, Chenchen & Zeng, Wenzhi & Huang, Jiesheng & Ao, Chang, 2024. "Synergistic regulation of irrigation and drainage based on crop salt tolerance and leaching threshold," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    3. Vinod Phogat & Tim Pitt & Paul Petrie & Jirka Šimůnek & Michael Cutting, 2023. "Optimization of Irrigation of Wine Grapes with Brackish Water for Managing Soil Salinization," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-29, October.
    4. Fu, Chong & Xue, Jing & Chen, Junfeng & Cui, Lihong & Wang, Hui, 2024. "Evaluating spatial and temporal variations of soil water, heat, and salt under autumn irrigation in the Hetao Irrigation District based on distributed SHAW model," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    5. Yin Zhang & Qingfeng Miao & Ruiping Li & Minghai Sun & Xinmin Yang & Wei Wang & Yongping Huang & Weiying Feng, 2024. "Distribution and Variation of Soil Water and Salt before and after Autumn Irrigation," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-18, May.

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