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Effects of saline reclaimed waters and deficit irrigation on Citrus physiology assessed by UAV remote sensing

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  • Romero-Trigueros, Cristina
  • Nortes, Pedro A.
  • Alarcón, Juan J.
  • Hunink, Johannes E.
  • Parra, Margarita
  • Contreras, Sergio
  • Droogers, Peter
  • Nicolás, Emilio

Abstract

The aim was to assess the usefulness of spectral data to detect structural and physiological changes in Citrus crops under water and saline stress. Multispectral images were acquired from a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) while concomitant measurements of gas exchange, plant water status, leaf structural traits and chlorophyll were taken in a commercial farm located in southeast Spain with two Citrus species, grapefruit and mandarin irrigated for eight years with saline reclaimed water (RW) combined with regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). Measurements at leaf scale and airborne flights were carried out twice a day, at 7 and 10 GMT. Irrigation with RW decreased gas exchange and leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) on grapefruit. However, salinity from RW resulted in an increase in pressure potential (ΨP) on mandarin and allowed maintaining net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) when vapour pressure deficit increased. On both crops, leaf total chlorophyll (ChlT) concentrations were significantly reduced by RW. Moreover, RDI decreased A, gs and stem water potential (Ψs) on grapefruit, independently of water quality. Regarding spectral data, red wavelength (R) was significantly correlated with Chl T (p<0.001), except when mandarin was subjected to stressful climatic conditions (at 10 GMT); since R was influenced, in addition to Chl T, by the plant water and gas exchange status. Near infrared (NIR) was a useful indicator of Ψs, A and gs on both crops. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was clearly related to gas exchange in both species and to Ψs only on mandarin. Finally, we combined data from both Citrus species and the best indicators were NIR and R. The novelty of this study was to show that diurnal changes in physiological and structural traits of Citrus irrigated with RW combined with RDI can be determined by multispectral images from UAVs.

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  • Romero-Trigueros, Cristina & Nortes, Pedro A. & Alarcón, Juan J. & Hunink, Johannes E. & Parra, Margarita & Contreras, Sergio & Droogers, Peter & Nicolás, Emilio, 2017. "Effects of saline reclaimed waters and deficit irrigation on Citrus physiology assessed by UAV remote sensing," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 60-69.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:183:y:2017:i:c:p:60-69
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.09.014
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    1. Pedrero, F. & Maestre-Valero, J.F. & Mounzer, O. & Nortes, P.A. & Alcobendas, R. & Romero-Trigueros, C. & Bayona, J.M. & Alarcón, J.J. & Nicolás, E., 2015. "Response of young ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit trees to regulated deficit irrigation with saline reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 51-60.
    2. Nicolás, E. & Alarcón, JJ & Mounzer, O. & Pedrero, F. & Nortes, PA & Alcobendas, R. & Romero-Trigueros, C. & Bayona, JM & Maestre-Valero, JF, 2016. "Long-term physiological and agronomic responses of mandarin trees to irrigation with saline reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 1-8.
    3. Gago, J. & Douthe, C. & Coopman, R.E. & Gallego, P.P. & Ribas-Carbo, M. & Flexas, J. & Escalona, J. & Medrano, H., 2015. "UAVs challenge to assess water stress for sustainable agriculture," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 9-19.
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    2. Abadía, J. & Bastida, F. & Romero-Trigueros, C. & Bayona, J.M. & Vera, A. & García, C. & Alarcón, J.J. & Nicolás, E., 2021. "Interactions between soil microbial communities and agronomic behavior in a mandarin crop subjected to water deficit and irrigated with reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Wenju Zhao & Fangfang Ma & Haiying Yu & Zhaozhao Li, 2023. "Inversion Model of Salt Content in Alfalfa-Covered Soil Based on a Combination of UAV Spectral and Texture Information," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Gao, Yang & Shao, Guangcheng & Wu, Shiqing & Xiaojun, Wang & Lu, Jia & Cui, Jintao, 2021. "Changes in soil salinity under treated wastewater irrigation: A meta-analysis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    5. Yi Tang & Yang Pan & Lei Zhang & Hongchen Yi & Yiping Gu & Weihao Sun, 2023. "Efficient Monitoring of Total Suspended Matter in Urban Water Based on UAV Multi-spectral Images," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 37(5), pages 2143-2160, March.
    6. Pedrero, Francisco & Grattan, S.R. & Ben-Gal, Alon & Vivaldi, Gaetano Alessandro, 2020. "Opportunities for expanding the use of wastewaters for irrigation of olives," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    7. Ricart, Sandra & Rico, Antonio M., 2019. "Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 426-439.
    8. Bastida, F. & Torres, I.F. & Abadía, J. & Romero-Trigueros, C. & Ruiz-Navarro, A. & Alarcón, J.J. & García, C. & Nicolás, E., 2018. "Comparing the impacts of drip irrigation by freshwater and reclaimed wastewater on the soil microbial community of two citrus species," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 53-62.
    9. García, Ana Belén Mira & Romero-Trigueros, Cristina & Gambín, José María Bayona & Sánchez Iglesias, Ma del Puerto & Tortosa, Pedro Antonio Nortes & Nicolás, Emilio Nicolás, 2023. "Estimation of stomatal conductance by infra-red thermometry in citrus trees cultivated under regulated deficit irrigation and reclaimed water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    10. Sandra Ricart & Rubén A. Villar-Navascués & Maria Hernández-Hernández & Antonio M. Rico-Amorós & Jorge Olcina-Cantos & Enrique Moltó-Mantero, 2021. "Extending Natural Limits to Address Water Scarcity? The Role of Non-Conventional Water Fluxes in Climate Change Adaptation Capacity: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-31, February.

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