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Water footprint assessment of main cereals in Iran

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  • Ababaei, Behnam
  • Ramezani Etedali, Hadi

Abstract

Iran is mostly located in arid and semiarid regions which makes agricultural water management considerably important in this country. In this research the concept of ‘water footprint’ (WF) is applied at the regional scale for the first time in the country. The calculation framework of Ababaei and Ramezani Etedali (2014) was adopted and modified to better account for the gray and white WFs. The weighted average of each WF component (green, blue, gray and white) and the national total water footprint (NTWF) of the production of main cereals (wheat, barley and maize) were calculated. The NTWF of wheat, barley and maize production were estimated 36,777, 7975 and 3744 million cubic meters (MCM) per year for the period 2006–2012. The ratio of total green WF of three crops to the aggregated NTWF (i.e. all crops) was 43%, and the ratios of the green WF to the NTWF were 47%, 42% and 2% for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. These results show that wheat and barley production are significantly large consumers of the green water resources (i.e. effective precipitation). This implied that there are great opportunities to improve the green water productivity through increasing yield, especially in wheat and barley rainfed lands. The average national green+blue WFs were estimated 24,628, 5,123 and 1,604 MCM per year for wheat, barley and maize, respectively, and 31,356 MCM per year altogether. The ratios of national gray+white WF to the NTWF were also estimated 33%, 36% and 57% for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. These values show the importance of better irrigation management strategies to reduce the share of gray and white WF which is important in both terms of water resources management and environment conservation.

Suggested Citation

  • Ababaei, Behnam & Ramezani Etedali, Hadi, 2017. "Water footprint assessment of main cereals in Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 401-411.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:179:y:2017:i:c:p:401-411
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2016.07.016
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    6. Shahla Dehghanpir & Ommolbanin Bazrafshan & Hadi Ramezani Etedali & Arashk Holisaz & Brian Collins, 2024. "Water scarcity assessment in Iran’s agricultural sector using the water footprint concept," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(11), pages 28995-29020, November.
    7. Wang, Linlin & Li, Lingling & Xie, Junhong & Luo, Zhuzhu & Sumera, Anwar & Zechariah, Effah & Fudjoe, Setor Kwami & Palta, Jairo A. & Chen, Yinglong, 2022. "Does plastic mulching reduce water footprint in field crops in China? A meta-analysis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
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    9. Cao, Xinchun & Zeng, Wen & Wu, Mengyang & Guo, Xiangping & Wang, Weiguang, 2020. "Hybrid analytical framework for regional agricultural water resource utilization and efficiency evaluation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    10. Aries Purwanto & Janez Sušnik & Franciscus X. Suryadi & Charlotte de Fraiture, 2021. "Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-17, February.
    11. Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin & Ramezani Etedali, Hadi & Gerkani Nezhad Moshizi, Zahra & Shamili, Mansoureh, 2019. "Virtual water trade and water footprint accounting of Saffron production in Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 368-374.
    12. Weiwei Wang & Jigan Wang & Xinchun Cao, 2020. "Water Use Efficiency and Sensitivity Assessment for Agricultural Production System from the Water Footprint Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-17, November.
    13. Dang, Yongcai & Qin, Lijie & Huang, Lirong & Wang, Jianqin & Li, Bo & He, Hongshi, 2022. "Water footprint of rain-fed maize in different growth stages and associated climatic driving forces in Northeast China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    14. Hmaed Najafi Alamdarlo & Fariba Riyahi & Mohamad Hasan Vakilpoor, 2019. "Wheat Self-Sufficiency, Water Restriction and Virtual Water Trade in Iran," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 19(2), pages 503-520, June.

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