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Virtual water trade and water footprint accounting of Saffron production in Iran

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  • Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin
  • Ramezani Etedali, Hadi
  • Gerkani Nezhad Moshizi, Zahra
  • Shamili, Mansoureh

Abstract

The virtual water concept has a considerable potential to help improve the productivity of limited fresh water resources especially in the agriculture sector. Iran is the biggest producer and exporter of Saffron in the world. This research explores the average magnitude and share of water footprint components, including the green, blue, grey and white water footprints over the period of 2008–2014 in the provincial and national levels. The average water footprint of the Saffron production in Iran was 4659 m3 kg−1. The share of green, blue, white, and grey water footprints are estimated as 12, 42, 40, and 6 percent, respectively. The total water footprint of Saffron production was around 1541 MCM yr−1 that the share of exported virtual water was 1354.6 MCM yr−1. The average economic water footprint of Saffron production is 3.1 m3 per $. Lorestan, East Azerbaijan and Isfahan have the lowest economical water footprint while Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Semnan and Fars have the highest values. The results of this research provide valuable information for managers and policy makers to extend the cultivation area in regions with low economical water footprint and also the regions with rain-fed cropping and sufficient precipitation. In contrast, increasing yield and water use efficiency in regions with high economical water footprint is very necessary.

Suggested Citation

  • Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin & Ramezani Etedali, Hadi & Gerkani Nezhad Moshizi, Zahra & Shamili, Mansoureh, 2019. "Virtual water trade and water footprint accounting of Saffron production in Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 368-374.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:213:y:2019:i:c:p:368-374
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2018.10.034
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kaveh Madani, 2014. "Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 4(4), pages 315-328, December.
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    1. Ramezani, Mohammadreza & Dourandish, Arash & Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush & Aminizadeh, Milad, 2022. "The influence of dense planting system on the technical efficiency of saffron production and land use sustainability: Empirical evidence from Gonabad county, Iran," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 12(1).
    2. Cao, Xinchun & Cui, Simeng & Shu, Rui & Wu, Mengyang, 2020. "Misestimation of water saving in agricultural virtual water trade by not considering the role of irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    3. Ma, Weijing & Meng, Lihong & Wei, Feili & Opp, Christian & Yang, Dewei, 2021. "Spatiotemporal variations of agricultural water footprint and socioeconomic matching evaluation from the perspective of ecological function zone," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    4. Shahla Dehghanpir & Ommolbanin Bazrafshan & Hadi Ramezani Etedali & Arashk Holisaz & Brian Collins, 2024. "Water scarcity assessment in Iran’s agricultural sector using the water footprint concept," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(11), pages 28995-29020, November.
    5. Gerkani Nezhad Moshizi, Zahra & Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin & Ramezani Etedali, Hadi & Esmaeilpour, Yahya & Collins, Brain, 2023. "Application of inclusive multiple model for the prediction of saffron water footprint," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    6. Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin & Zamani, Hossein & Ramezanietedli, Hadi & Gerkaninezhad Moshizi, Zahra & Shamili, Mansoureh & Ismaelpour, Yahya & Gholami, Hamid, 2020. "Improving water management in date palms using economic value of water footprint and virtual water trade concepts in Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    7. Cao, Xinchun & Bao, Yutong & Li, Yueyao & Li, Jianni & Wu, Mengyang, 2023. "Unravelling the effects of crop blue, green and grey virtual water flows on regional agricultural water footprint and scarcity," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    8. Razmavaran, Mohammad Hadi & Sepaskhah, Ali Reza & Ahmadi, Seyed Hamid, 2024. "Water footprint and production of rain-fed saffron under different planting methods with ridge plastic mulch and pre-flowering irrigation in a semi-arid region," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    9. Subramaniam, Vijaya & Hashim, Zulkifli & Loh, Soh Kheang & Astimar, Abdul Aziz, 2020. "Assessing water footprint for the oil palm supply chain- a cradle to gate study," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    10. Mohammadreza Ramezani & Arash Dourandish & Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani & Milad Aminizadeh, 2022. "The Influence of Dense Planting System on the Technical Efficiency of Saffron Production and Land Use Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from Gonabad County, Iran," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-19, January.

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