IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popdev/v36y2010i1p151-176.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Growing Diversity among America's Children and Youth: Spatial and Temporal Dimensions

Author

Listed:
  • Kenneth M. Johnson
  • Daniel T. Lichter

Abstract

This study documents the changing racial and ethnic mix of America's children. Specifically, we focus on the unusually rapid shifts in the composition and changing spatial distribution of America's young people between 2000 and 2008. Minorities grew to 43 percent of all children and youth, up from 38.5 percent only eight years earlier. In 1990, this figure stood at 33 percent. Among 0–4‐year‐olds, 47 percent of all children were minority in 2008. Changes in racial and ethnic composition are driven by two powerful demographic forces. The first is the rapid increase since 2000 in the number of minority children—with Hispanics accounting for 80 percent of the growth. The second is the absolute decline in the number of non‐Hispanic white children and youth. The growth of minority children and racial diversity is distributed unevenly over geographical space. Over 500 (or roughly 1 in 6) counties now have majority‐minority youth populations. Broad geographic areas of America nevertheless remain mono‐racial, where only small shares of minorities live.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2010. "Growing Diversity among America's Children and Youth: Spatial and Temporal Dimensions," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 36(1), pages 151-176, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:popdev:v:36:y:2010:i:1:p:151-176
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00322.x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00322.x
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00322.x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Samuel Preston, 1984. "Children and the elderly: Divergent paths for America’s dependents," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 21(4), pages 435-457, November.
    2. Anthony Daniel Perez & Charles Hirschman, 2009. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 35(1), pages 1-51, March.
    3. Glenn Fuguitt & Tim Heaton & Daniel Lichter, 1988. "Monitoring the metropolitanization process," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 25(1), pages 115-128, February.
    4. Kenneth Johnson & Paul Voss & Roger Hammer & Glenn Fuguitt & Scott Mcniven, 2005. "Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific net migration in the United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 42(4), pages 791-812, November.
    5. Edmonston, Barry & Passel, Jeffrey S., 1992. "Immigration and immigrant generations in population projections," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 459-476, November.
    6. John Logan & Brian Stults & Reynolds Farley, 2004. "Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: two decades of change," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 41(1), pages 1-22, February.
    7. James M. Poterba, 1997. "Demographic structure and the political economy of public education," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(1), pages 48-66.
    8. Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2008. "Natural Increase: A New Source of Population Growth in Emerging Hispanic Destinations in the United States," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 34(2), pages 327-346, June.
    9. Robert Hummer & Daniel Powers & Starling Pullum & Ginger Gossman & W. Frisbie, 2007. "Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the united states," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 44(3), pages 441-457, August.
    10. Stefan Jonsson & Michael Rendall, 2004. "The fertility contribution of Mexican immigration to the United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 41(1), pages 129-150, February.
    11. Rima Wilkes & John Iceland, 2004. "Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 41(1), pages 23-36, February.
    12. William Kandel & Emilio A. Parrado, 2005. "Restructuring of the US Meat Processing Industry and New Hispanic Migrant Destinations," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 31(3), pages 447-471, September.
    13. Kenneth M. Johnson, 1993. "When Deaths Exceed Births: Natural Decrease in the United States," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 15(2), pages 179-198, August.
    14. Zhenchao Qian, 2004. "Options: Racial/Ethnic Identification of Children of Intermarried Couples," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 85(3), pages 746-766, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Lichter, 2013. "Integration or Fragmentation? Racial Diversity and the American Future," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 50(2), pages 359-391, April.
    2. Corey Sparks & Joey Campbell, 2014. "An Application of Bayesian Methods to Small Area Poverty Rate Estimates," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 33(3), pages 455-477, June.
    3. Tse-Chuan Yang & Stephen A Matthews, 2015. "Death by Segregation: Does the Dimension of Racial Segregation Matter?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(9), pages 1-26, September.
    4. Daniel Hart & Robert Atkins, 2011. "American Sixteen- and Seventeen-Year-Olds Are Ready to Vote," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 633(1), pages 201-222, January.
    5. Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2016. "Diverging Demography: Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Contributions to U.S. Population Redistribution and Diversity," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 35(5), pages 705-725, October.
    6. Kenneth M. Johnson & Richelle L. Winkler, 2015. "Migration signatures across the decades," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 32(38), pages 1065-1080.
    7. J. Tom Mueller & Alexis R. Santos-Lozada, 2022. "The 2020 US Census Differential Privacy Method Introduces Disproportionate Discrepancies for Rural and Non-White Populations," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(4), pages 1417-1430, August.
    8. Figlio, David N. & Fletcher, Deborah, 2012. "Suburbanization, demographic change and the consequences for school finance," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(11), pages 1144-1153.
    9. Rodriguez-JenKins, Jessica, 2014. "Complex inequality: A contextual parenting framework for Latino infants," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 317-327.
    10. Michael Rendall & Peter Brownell & Sarah Kups, 2011. "Declining Return Migration From the United States to Mexico in the Late-2000s Recession: A Research Note," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 48(3), pages 1049-1058, August.
    11. Elizabeth Ackert & Stephanie Potochnick, 2024. "Health Care Access Among Children in Latinx Families Across U.S. Destinations," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 43(5), pages 1-44, October.
    12. Kim, Youngmi & Sherraden, Michael & Clancy, Margaret, 2013. "Do mothers’ educational expectations differ by race and ethnicity, or socioeconomic status?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 82-94.
    13. Laura Tach & Barrett Lee & Michael Martin & Lauren Hannscott, 2019. "Fragmentation or Diversification? Ethnoracial Change and the Social and Economic Heterogeneity of Places," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 56(6), pages 2193-2227, December.
    14. Fenaba R. Addo & Jason N. Houle & Sharon Sassler, 2019. "The Changing Nature of the Association Between Student Loan Debt and Marital Behavior in Young Adulthood," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 40(1), pages 86-101, March.
    15. Nicholas Jones & Eric Jensen & Karen Battle & Rachel Marks, 2024. "Measuring the Racial and Ethnic Composition and Diversity of the United States Population: Historical Challenges and Contemporary Opportunities," NBER Chapters, in: Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Statistics for the 21st Century, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. David Coleman, 2010. "Projections of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006–2056," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 36(3), pages 441-486, September.
    17. Rachel S. Franklin, 2021. "The demographic burden of population loss in US cities, 2000–2010," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 209-230, April.
    18. Elizabeth Ackert, 2017. "Determinants of Mexican-Origin Dropout: The Roles of Mexican Latino/a Destinations and Immigrant Generation," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 36(3), pages 379-414, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2016. "Diverging Demography: Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Contributions to U.S. Population Redistribution and Diversity," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 35(5), pages 705-725, October.
    2. Daniel Lichter, 2013. "Integration or Fragmentation? Racial Diversity and the American Future," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 50(2), pages 359-391, April.
    3. Daniel T. Lichter & Kenneth M. Johnson, 2020. "A Demographic Lifeline? Immigration and Hispanic Population Growth in Rural America," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 39(5), pages 785-803, October.
    4. Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2020. "Metropolitan Reclassification and the Urbanization of Rural America," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 57(5), pages 1929-1950, October.
    5. repec:zbw:rwirep:0557 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Tse-Chuan Yang & Stephen A Matthews, 2015. "Death by Segregation: Does the Dimension of Racial Segregation Matter?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(9), pages 1-26, September.
    7. Scott South & Kyle Crowder & Jeremy Pais, 2011. "Metropolitan Structure and Neighborhood Attainment: Exploring Intermetropolitan Variation in Racial Residential Segregation," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 48(4), pages 1263-1292, November.
    8. Noli Brazil, 2019. "Hispanic neighbourhood satisfaction in new and established metropolitan destinations," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(14), pages 2953-2976, November.
    9. John Iceland & Gregory Sharp, 2013. "White Residential Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Conceptual Issues, Patterns, and Trends from the U.S. Census, 1980 to 2010," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 32(5), pages 663-686, October.
    10. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaouide Freitas & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2018. "Who pays for the consumption of young and old?," PSE Working Papers halshs-01799724, HAL.
    11. Hippolyte d'Albis & Carole Bonnet & Xavier Chojnicki & Najat El Mekkaoui & Angela Greulich & Jérôme Hubert & Julien Navaux, 2019. "Financing the Consumption of the Young and Old in France," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 45(1), pages 103-132, March.
    12. Kate Choi, 2014. "Fertility in the context of Mexican migration to the United States," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 30(24), pages 703-738.
    13. Jäger, Philipp & Schmidt, Torsten, 2016. "The political economy of public investment when population is aging: A panel cointegration analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 145-158.
    14. Casey B. Mulligan & Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1999. "Social Security in Theory and Practice (I): Facts and Political Theories," NBER Working Papers 7118, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Melissa Scopilliti & John Iceland, 2008. "Residential Patterns of Black Immigrants and Native‐Born Blacks in the United States," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 89(3), pages 551-572, September.
    16. Eitle, David, 2009. "Dimensions of racial segregation, hypersegregation, and Black homicide rates," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 28-36, January.
    17. Celia Lacayo, 2016. "Latinos Need to Stay in Their Place: Differential Segregation in a Multi-Ethnic Suburb," Societies, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-18, August.
    18. John Iceland & Gregory Sharp & Jeffrey Timberlake, 2013. "Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970–2009," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 50(1), pages 97-123, February.
    19. Richelle L. Winkler & Kenneth M. Johnson, 2016. "Moving Toward Integration? Effects of Migration on Ethnoracial Segregation Across the Rural-Urban Continuum," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(4), pages 1027-1049, August.
    20. Parker, Emily, 2021. "Spatial variation in access to the health care safety net for Hispanic immigrants, 1970–2017," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    21. Mary J. Fischer & Jacob S. Rugh, 2018. "Military Veterans and Neighborhood Racial Integration: VA Mortgage Lending Across Three Eras," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 37(4), pages 569-589, August.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:popdev:v:36:y:2010:i:1:p:151-176. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0098-7921 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.