Contact information of C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
Postal:
Centre for Economic Policy Research, 33 Great Sutton Street, London EC1V 0DXPhone: 44 - 20 - 7183 8801
Web page:
https://www.cepr.org
Serial Information
Order information: Email:
Download restrictions: CEPR Discussion Papers are free to download for our researchers, subscribers and members. If you fall into one of these categories but have trouble downloading our papers, please contact us at subscribers@cepr.org
Series handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp
Citations RSS feed: at CitEc
Impact factors
Access and download statisticsTop item:
Corrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help
correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.cepr.org .
Content
1995
- 1205 A Framework for Analysing the Political Support for Active Labour Market Policy
by Saint-Paul, Gilles
- 1204 Free Trade and Evolving Standards
by Casella, Alessandra
- 1203 The Survival of New Plants: Start-up Conditions and Post-entry Evolution
by Guimaraes, Paulo & Mata, José & Portugal, Pedro
- 1202 The Anatomy of Unemployment Dynamics
by Abbring, Jaap H & van den Berg, Gerard J & van Ours, Jan C
- 1201 A Centre-Periphery Model of Monetary Coordination and Exchange Rate Crises
by Buiter, Willem H. & Corsetti, Giancarlo & Pesenti, Paolo
- 1200 Unemployment Duration, Unemployment Benefits, and Labour Market Programmes in Sweden
by Carling, Kenneth & Edin, Per-Anders & Holmlund, Bertil & Jansson, Fredrik
- 1199 International R&D Rivalry and Industrial Strategy without Government Commitment
by Leahy, Dermot & Neary, J Peter
- 1198 Trade Liberalization, Employment and Migration. Some Simulations for Morocco
by de Melo, Jaime & Faini, Riccardo
- 1197 Financial System Architecture
by Boot, Arnoud W A & Thakor, Anjan
- 1196 Resale Markets and the Assignment of Property Rights
by Jehiel, Philippe & Moldovanu, Benny
- 1195 Macroeconomic Policy in Central Europe
by Braga de Macedo, Jorge & Branson, William H
- 1194 Do Other Firms Matter in Oligopolies?
by Haskel, Jonathan & Scaramozzino, Pasquale
- 1193 Cartels, Contracts and Centralization: The Transition to Futures Trading for Primary Commodities
by Haskel, Jonathan
- 1192 Privatization and X-Inefficiency: A Bargaining Approach
by Haskel, Jonathan & Sanchis, Amparo
- 1191 International Business Cycles and the ERM: Is there a European Business Cycle?
by Artis, Michael J & Zhang, Wenda
- 1190 Economic Cooperation within Europe: Lessons from the Monetary Arrangements in the 1990s
by Hughes Hallett, Andrew & Ma, Yue
- 1189 On Measuring the Costs of Labour Immobility and Market Heterogeneity in Europe
by Demertzis, Maria & Hughes Hallett, Andrew
- 1188 Who Needs Bands? Exchange Rate Policy Before EMU
by Bayoumi, Tamim
- 1187 Accumulation and the Extent of Inequality
by Bertola, Giuseppe
- 1186 Wage Inequality and Unemployment: US vs Europe
by Bertola, Giuseppe & Ichino, Andrea
- 1185 Creating Creditworthiness through Reciprocal Trade
by Marin, Dalia & Schnitzer, Monika
- 1184 Why is Spanish Unemployment so High?
by Dolado, Juan J. & Jimeno, Juan F
- 1183 Free Trade and Long-Run Growth
by Ben-David, Dan & Loewy, Michael B
- 1182 Trade Performance and Trade Policy in Central and Eastern Europe
by Drábek, Zdenek & Smith, Alasdair
- 1181 Why do Pre-tax Car Prices Differ so Much Across European Countries?
by Flam, Harry & Nordström, Håkan
- 1180 Designing Institutions for International Monetary Policy Coordination
by Padilla, Atilano Jorge
- 1179 Capital Mobility, Fiscal Policy and Growth Under Self-Financing of Human Capital Formation
by Buiter, Willem H. & Kletzer, Kenneth
- 1178 Large Shareholders and Banks: Who Monitors and How?
by Yafeh, Yishay & Yosha, Oved
- 1177 Imperfect Competition, Risk Taking, and Regulation in Banking
by Matutes, Carmen & Vives, Xavier
- 1176 A Contribution to Unemployment Dynamics
by Karanassou, Marika & Snower, Dennis J.
- 1175 Vertically Related Markets and Trade Policy in a Bargaining Framework
by Karp, Larry & Sioli, Lucy
- 1174 Russian Enterprises in Transition
by Cohen, Daniel & de Boissieu, Christian & de Pontbriand, Gaël
- 1173 VERs Under Imperfect Competition and Foreign Direct Investment: A Case Study of the US-Japan Auto VER
by de Melo, Jaime & Tarr, David
- 1172 Currency Unions, Economic Fluctuations and Adjustment: Some Empirical Evidence
by Bayoumi, Tamim & Prasad, Eswar
- 1171 Universal Banks and German Industrialization: A Reappraisal
by Edwards, Jeremy & Ogilvie, Sheilagh C.
- 1170 Regional Insurance Against Asymmetric Shocks. An Empirical Study for the European Community
by Hammond, George & von Hagen, Jürgen
- 1169 New Empirical Evidence on the Costs of European Monetary Union
by Erkel-Rousse, Hélène & Melitz, Jacques
- 1168 East European Trade and the Austrian Labour Market
by Aiginger, Karl & Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf & Zweimüller, Josef
- 1167 Tax and Benefit Reform in Central and Eastern Europe
by Newbery, David M G
- 1166 The Taxation of Entrepreneurial Income in a Transition Economy: Issues Raised by Experience in Poland
by Grabowski MEP, Dariusz Maciej & Smith, Stephen
- 1165 The Elixir of Growth: Trade, Non-Traded Goods and Development
by Minford, Patrick & Nowell, Eric & Riley, Jonathan
- 1164 Speculative Market Structure and the Collapse of an Exchange Rate Mechanism
by Chen, Zhaohui
- 1163 Tests of the 'Convergence Hypothesis': Some Further Results
by Cohen, Daniel
- 1162 Sub-Optimal Scale Firms and Compensating Factor Differentials in Dutch Manufacturing
by Audretsch, David B & Thurik, A R Roy & Van Leeuwen, Geroge
- 1161 Innovative Clusters and the Industry Life Cycle
by Audretsch, David B & Feldman, Maryann P
- 1160 Demand-Driven Financial Development
by Saint-Paul, Gilles
- 1159 Is There a Trade-off between Unemployment and Productivity Growth?
by Gordon, Robert J
- 1158 The Entwining of Trade Policy with Environmental and Labour Standards
by Anderson, Kym
- 1157 The Gender Gap, Fertility and Growth
by Galor, Oded & Weil, David
- 1156 Environmental Feedbacks and Optimal Taxation in Oligopoly
by Carraro, Carlo & Soubeyran, Antoine
- 1155 Factor Price Distortions and Public Subsidies in East Germany
by Sinn, Hans-Werner
- 1154 R&D Cooperation and the Stability of International Environmental Agreements
by Carraro, Carlo & Siniscalco, Domenico
- 1153 Measuring Core Inflation
by Quah, Danny
- 1152 The Innovation, Unemployment and Competitiveness Challenge in Germany
by Audretsch, David B
- 1151 Tax and Benefit Reform in the Czech and Slovak Republics
by Heady, Christopher & Smith, Stephen
- 1150 Tentative First Steps: An Assessment of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Services
by Hoekman, Bernard
- 1149 Measuring Aggregate Human Capital
by Mulligan, Casey B & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1148 Can Delegation be Counterproductive? The Choice of 'Conservative' Bankers in Open Economies
by Currie, David & Levine, Paul L & Pearlman, Joseph
- 1146 A Labour-Income-Based Measure of the Value of Human Capital: An Application to the States of the United States
by Mulligan, Casey B & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1145 Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates in Transition
by Halpern, László & Wyplosz, Charles
- 1144 Government Subsidies to Enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe: Budgetary Subsidies and Tax Arrears
by Schaffer, Mark E
- 1143 Endogenous Distortions in Product and Labour Markets
by Rama, Martin & Tabellini, Guido
- 1142 Federal Fiscal Constitutions. Part II: Risk Sharing and Redistribution
by Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido
- 1141 Double-Edged Incentives: Institutions and Policy Coordination
by Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido
- 1140 Empirics for Economic Growth and Convergence
by Quah, Danny
- 1139 Workers, Machines and Economic Growth
by Zeira, Joseph
- 1138 Testing for Liquidity Constraints in Euler Equations with Complementary Data Sources
by Jappelli, Tullio & Pischke, Jörn-Steffen & Souleles, Nicholas
- 1137 Classical Business Cycles for G7 and European Countries
by Artis, Michael J & Kontolemis, Zenon G & Osborn, Denise
- 1136 Privatization and Efficiency in a Differentiated Industry
by de Palma, André & Thisse, Jacques-François
- 1135 Defensive and Strategic Restructuring in Central European Enterprises
by Grosfeld, Irena & Roland, Gérard
- 1134 Technology and Trade
by Grossman, Gene & Helpman, Elhanan
- 1133 North-South R&D Spillovers
by Coe, David T & Helpman, Elhanan & Hoffmaister, Alexander
- 1132 Central and East European Labour Markets in Transition: Developments, Causes, and Cures
by Franz, Wolfgang
- 1131 Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux
by Obstfeld, Maurice & Rogoff, Kenneth
- 1130 Stabilization Policy, Learning by Doing, and Economic Growth
by Martin, Philippe & Rogers, Carol Ann
- 1129 Optimal Stabilization Policy in the Presence of Learning by Doing
by Martin, Philippe & Rogers, Carol Ann
- 1128 A Panel Project on Purchasing Power Parity: Mean Reversion Within and Between Countries
by Frankel, Jeffrey A & Rose, Andrew K
- 1127 Banking and Development
by Sussman, Oren & Zeira, Joseph
- 1126 Trade and Convergence Among Countries
by Ben-David, Dan
- 1125 Job Flows, Worker Flows and Churning
by Burgess, Simon & Lane, Julia & Stevens, David
- 1123 On the Evolution of Credibility and Flexible Exchange Rate Target Zones
by Avesani, Renzo & Gallo, Giampiero M & Salmon, Mark
- 1122 Regulation and Access Pricing with Asymmetric Information
by De Fraja, Gianni
- 1121 Causality Implications of the Public-Finance Approach to Inflation and Seigniorage
by Diba, Behzad & Martin, Philippe
- 1120 Applied Cointegration Analysis in the Mirror of Macroeconomic Theory
by Söderlind, Paul & Vredin, Anders
- 1119 The Equity Premium and the Risk Free Rate: A Cross Country, Cross Maturity Examination
by Canova, Fabio & de Nicolò, Gianni
- 1118 Unemployment Insurance and Incentives in Hungary
by Micklewright, John & Nagy, Gyula
- 1117 Redistributive Policy in a Transition Economy: The Case of Hungary
by Jarvis, Sarah & Pudney, Stephen
- 1116 Learning and Dynamic Comparative Advantage: Lessons from Austria's Post-war Pattern of Growth for Eastern Europe
by Marin, Dalia
- 1115 The Dynamics of Political Support for Reform in Economies in Transition
by Rodrik, Dani
- 1114 Trade Liberalization and the Harmonization of Social Policies: Lessons from European Integration
by Sapir, André
- 1113 Household Production and International Business Cycles
by Canova, Fabio & Ubide, Angel J
- 1112 The WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement: Expanding Disciplines, Declining Membership?
by Hoekman, Bernard & Mavroidis, Petros C
- 1111 Slowdowns and Meltdowns: Post-war Growth Evidence from 74 Countries
by Ben-David, Dan & Papell, David
- 1110 Unemployment, Investment and Sectoral Reallocation
by Chadha, Bankim & Coricelli, Fabrizio
- 1109 Fertility Control Early in Marriage in Ireland a Century Ago
by Duffy, Niall & O'Gráda, Cormac
- 1108 The Welfare Effects of Liquidity Constraints
by Jappelli, Tullio & Pagano, Marco
- 1107 Performance Comparisons and Dynamic Incentives
by Meyer, Margaret A & Vickers, John
- 1106 On the Persistence of Leadership or Leapfrogging in International Trade
by Cabrales, Antonio & Motta, Massimo & Thisse, Jacques-François
- 1105 The Coherence of EC Policies on Trade, Competition and Industry
by Gual, Jordi
- 1104 Growth and Macroeconomic Performance in Spain, 1939-93
by Prados de la Escosura, Leandro
- 1103 The Swedish Experience of an Inflation Target
by Svensson, Lars E O
- 1102 The Impact of Active Labour Market Policies: A Closer Look at the Czech and Slovak Republics
by Burda, Michael C & Lubyová, Martina
- 1100 Monetary Integration in Europe: Implications for Real Interest Rates, National Stock Markets and the Volatility of Prices and Exchange Rates
by Canzoneri, Matthew B & Dellas, Harris
- 1099 Real Interest Rates and Central Bank Operating Procedures
by Canzoneri, Matthew B & Dellas, Harris
- 1095 Post-war Growth: An Overview
by Crafts, Nicholas & Toniolo, Gianni
- 1094 Labour Adjustment and Gradual Reform: Is Commitment Important?
by Karp, Larry & Paul, Thierry
- 1093 Unemployment: Where does it Hurt?
by Winkelmann, Liliana & Winkelmann, Rainer
- 1092 British Economic Growth Since 1945: Relative Economic Decline .... and Renaissance?
by Bean, Charles R & Crafts, Nicholas
- 1091 Resisting Migration: Wage Rigidity and Income Distribution
by Razin, Assaf & Sadka, Efraim
- 1089 The Political Economy of Coal Subsidies in Europe
by Anderson, Kym
- 1088 Do Credit Markets Discipline Sovereign Borrowers? Evidence from US States
by Bayoumi, Tamim & Goldstein, Morris & Woglom, Geoffrey
- 1087 Europe's Golden Age: An Econometric Investigation of Changing Trend Rates of Growth
by Crafts, Nicholas & Mills, Terence C
1994
- 1124 The Sharing Hypothesis for Specific Human Capital
by Stevens, Margaret
- 1101 Quitting Externalities, Employment Cyclicality and Firing Costs
by Booth, Alison L & Zoega, Gylfi
- 1098 Lifetime Jobs and Transient Jobs: Job Tenure in Britain 1975-91
by Burgess, Simon & Rees, Hedley
- 1097 Coverage by Incremental Scales
by Booth, Alison L & Frank, Jeff
- 1096 The Unemployment Implications of Mandatory Firing Costs
by Booth, Alison L
- 1090 Fixes: Of the Forward Discount Puzzle
by Flood, Robert P & Rose, Andrew K
- 1086 The Simple Economics of Benefit Transfers
by Snower, Dennis J.
- 1085 Regional Labour Market Dynamics in Europe
by Decressin, Jörg & Fatás, Antonio
- 1084 Developing Countries After the Uruguay Round
by Rodrik, Dani
- 1083 Short- and Long-term Hedging for the Corporation
by Dumas, Bernard J
- 1082 Unemployment Persistence: Does the Size of the Shock Matter?
by Zoega, Gylfi
- 1081 Evaluating Unemployment Policies: What do the Underlying Theories Tell Us?
by Snower, Dennis J.
- 1080 A Time to Sow and a Time to Reap: Growth Based on General Purpose Technologies
by Helpman, Elhanan & Trajtenberg, Manuel
- 1079 Competition, Regulation and Managerial Incentives
by De Fraja, Gianni & Iossa, Elisabetta
- 1078 Entry, Pricing and Incentives: The Role of Regulatory Commitment
by De Fraja, Gianni
- 1077 Auctions of Shares with a Secondary Market and Tender Offers
by Mello, Antonio S & Parsons, John E
- 1076 Quality Improvements in Models of Growth
by Barro, Robert J. & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1075 Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence
by Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1074 International Consumption Risk Sharing
by Canova, Fabio & Ravn, Morten O
- 1073 Exchange Rates in Search of Fundamental Variables
by De Grauwe, Paul
- 1072 Does Firm Size Matter? Evidence on the Impacts of Liquidity Constraints on Firm Investment Behaviour in Germany
by Audretsch, David B & Elston, Julie Ann
- 1071 The Creation and Capture of Rents: Wages and Innovation in a Panel of UK Companies
by Van Reenen, John
- 1070 A Sequential Approach to Regional Integration: The European Union and Central and Eastern Europe
by Martin, Philippe
- 1069 Labour Force Growth, Trade, and Employment
by Francois, Joseph
- 1068 Inflation, Nominal Interest Rates and the Variability of Output
by Chadha, Bankim & Tsiddon, Daniel
- 1067 The Uruguay Round: A Global General Equilibrium Assessment
by Francois, Joseph & McDonald, Brad & Nordström, Håkan
- 1066 Should a Carbon Tax be Differentiated Across Sectors?
by Hoel, Michael
- 1065 Strategic Environmental Policy and International Trade - The Role of Market Conduct
by Ulph, Alistair Mitchell
- 1064 Can a Small Nation Gain from Introducing a Carbon Tax Early?
by Lund, Diderik
- 1063 Trade, Strategic Innovation and Strategic Environmental Policy - a General Analysis
by Ulph, Alistair Mitchell & Ulph, David
- 1062 Financial Systems in Transition: Is there a Case for a Bank Based System?
by Grosfeld, Irena
- 1061 Is There a Safe Passage to EMU? Evidence on Capital Controls and a Proposal
by Eichengreen, Barry & Rose, Andrew K & Wyplosz, Charles
- 1060 Speculative Attacks on Pegged Exchange Rates: An Empirical Exploration with Special Reference to the European Monetary System
by Eichengreen, Barry & Rose, Andrew K & Wyplosz, Charles
- 1059 Explaining Forward Exchange Bias .... Intra-day
by Lyons, Richard K & Rose, Andrew K
- 1058 The Economics of Enterprise Restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe
by Aghion, Philippe & Blanchard, Olivier J & Carlin, Wendy
- 1057 Fiscal Flows in the United States and Canada: Lessons for Monetary Union in Europe
by Bayoumi, Tamim & Masson, Paul R
- 1056 Redistributive Politics and Economic Efficiency
by Dixit, Avinash K & Londregan, John
- 1055 Contagious Speculative Attacks
by Gerlach, Stefan & Smets, Frank
- 1054 The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics
by Dixit, Avinash K & Londregan, John
- 1053 Excesses and Limits of the Public Sector in the Italian Economy. The Ongoing Reform
by Padoa Schioppa, Fiorella Kostoris
- 1052 Endogenous Growth and Poverty Traps in a Cournotian Model
by Galí, Jordi & Zilibotti, Fabrizio
- 1051 Estimating and Interpreting Forward Interest Rates: Sweden 1992-4
by Svensson, Lars E O
- 1050 The Geography of the Gold Standard
by Eichengreen, Barry & Flandreau, Marc
- 1049 France and the CEECs: Adjusting to Another Enlargement
by Cadot, Olivier & de Melo, Jaime
- 1048 Marketplaces and Matching
by Coles, Melvyn G & Smith, Eric
- 1047 Monetary Policies in the EMS: Lessons from the Great Recession of 1991-3
by De Grauwe, Paul
- 1046 Industrial and Trade Policies for the Emerging Market Economies
by Audretsch, David B
- 1045 Trade Law and Environmental Issues in Central and East European Countries
by Rauscher, Michael
- 1044 Central European Countries' Trade Laws in the Light of International Experience
by Messerlin, Patrick
- 1043 Who Should Run Trade Policy in Eastern Europe and How?
by Winters, L. Alan
- 1042 Testing Long-run Neutrality: Empirical Evidence for G7 Countries with Special Emphasis on Germany
by Weber, Axel A
- 1041 The Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on European Union Trade
by Sapir, André & Sekkat, Khalid & Weber, Axel A
- 1040 Currency Board or Central Bank? Lessons from the Irish Pound's Link with Sterling, 1928-79
by Honohan, Patrick
- 1039 What does the Political Economy Literature on Trade Policy (Not) Tell Us That We Ought to Know?
by Rodrik, Dani
- 1038 Foreign Exchange Intervention and International Policy Coordination: Comparing the G-3 and EMS Experience
by Weber, Axel A
- 1037 Commercial Policy and Dynamic Adjustment Under Monopolistic Competition
by Keuschnigg, Christian & Kohler, Wilhelm K.
- 1036 Human Capital and Productivity in Manufacturing during the Twentieth Century: Britain, Germany and the United States
by Broadberry, Stephen N & Wagner, Karin
- 1035 The Role of Government Aid to Firms during the Transition to a Market Economy: Russia 1992-94
by Melitz, Jacques & Waysand, Claire
- 1034 Apprenticeship and After: Does it Really Matter?
by Winkelmann, Rainer
- 1033 The Relation Between Voting Power and Policy Impact in the European Union
by Widgrén, Mika
- 1032 Environmental Regulation and the Location of Polluting Industries
by Rauscher, Michael
- 1031 Optimal Target Zones: How an Exchange Rate Mechanism Can Improve Upon Discretion
by Miller, Marcus & Zhang, Lei
- 1030 On the Optimality of Consumption Across Canadian Provinces
by Bayoumi, Tamim
- 1029 Restraining Yourself: Fiscal Rules and Stabilization
by Bayoumi, Tamim & Eichengreen, Barry
- 1028 Consumption, Income, and International Capital Market Integration
by Bayoumi, Tamim
- 1027 A Dynamic Model of Collusion
by Acemoglu, Daron
- 1026 Search in the Labour Market, Incomplete Contracts and Growth
by Acemoglu, Daron
- 1025 A Positive Theory of Social Security
by Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1024 The Europe Agreements: Implications for Trade Laws and Institutions. Lessons from Hungary
by Sapir, André
- 1023 French Post-war Growth: From (Indicative) Planning to (Administered) Market
by Sicsic, Pierre & Wyplosz, Charles
- 1022 Social Security and Migration in an Ageing Europe
by von Hagen, Jürgen & Walz, Uwe
- 1021 The Origins and Early Impact of the Minimum Wage in Agriculture
by Gowers, Robin & Hatton, Timothy J.
- 1020 Locational Competition versus Cooperation in Labour Markets: An Implicit Contract Reinterpretation
by Burda, Michael C & Mertens, Antje
- 1019 Capital Mobility in Neoclassical Models of Growth
by Barro, Robert J. & Mankiw, N Gregory & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
- 1018 What is the Domain of the Welfare State?
by Snower, Dennis J.
- 1017 The Political Economy of Trade Regimes in Central Europe
by Csaba, László
- 1016 Efficiency and Expectations Revisited: A Foreign Exchange Market with Bayesian Players
by Christodoulakis, Nikos & Kalyvitis, Sarantis C & Karamouzis, Nick
- 1015 Globalization and the Inequality of Nations
by Krugman, Paul & Venables, Anthony J
- 1014 Educational Choice, Lifetime Earnings Inequality, and Conflicts of Public Policy
by von Weizsäcker, Robert K
- 1013 Regional Decentralization and the Soft Budget Constraint: The Case of China
by Qian, Yingyi & Roland, Gérard
- 1012 Trade Policy and Regional Integration: Implications for the Relations between Europe and Africa
by Collier, Paul & Toye, John
- 1011 Firm Location and Job Creation in Cities
by Fujita, Masahisa & Thisse, Jacques-François & Zenou, Yves
- 1010 Antitrust-based Remedies and Dumping in International Trade
by Hoekman, Bernard & Mavroidis, Petros C
- 1009 Linking Competition and Trade Policies in Central and East European Countries
by Hoekman, Bernard & Mavroidis, Petros C
- 1008 The Uruguay Round and Trade in Manufactures and Services. General Equilibrium Simulations of Production, Trade and Welfare Effects of Liberalization
by Haaland, Jan I.
- 1007 Seniority, Earnings and Unions
by Booth, Alison L & Frank, Jeff