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Bid--ask spreads and volatility in the foreign exchange market : An empirical analysis

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Cited by:

  1. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Francis X. Diebold & Paul Labys, 1999. "The Distribution of Exchange Rate Volatility," New York University, Leonard N. Stern School Finance Department Working Paper Seires 99-059, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business-.
  2. Tiffany Hutcheson, 2000. "Trading in the Australian Foreign Exchange Market," Working Paper Series 107, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney.
  3. Lyons, Richard K., 1998. "Profits and position control: a week of FX dealing1," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 97-115, February.
  4. Rasmus Fatum & Jesper Pedersen & Peter Norman Sørensen, 2010. "Are the Intraday Effects of Central Bank Intervention on Exchange Rate Spreads Asymmetric and State Dependent?," Discussion Papers 10-20, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
  5. Alexander Mende, 2006. "09/11 on the USD/EUR foreign exchange market," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 213-222.
  6. Khemraj, Tarron & Pasha, Sukrishnalall, 2008. "Foreign exchange market bid-ask spread and market power in an underdeveloped economy," MPRA Paper 11422, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  7. Heejoon Han & Dennis Kristensen, 2014. "Asymptotic Theory for the QMLE in GARCH-X Models With Stationary and Nonstationary Covariates," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(3), pages 416-429, July.
  8. ap Gwilym, Owain & Clare, Andrew & Thomas, Stephen, 1998. "Price clustering and bid-ask spreads in international bond futures," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 8(3-4), pages 377-391, December.
  9. Gurnain Kaur Pasricha, 2009. "Bank Competition and International Financial Integration:Evidence Using a New Index," Working Papers 242009, Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research.
  10. Hau, Harald & Killeen, William & Moore, Michael, 2002. "The euro as an international currency: explaining puzzling first evidence from the foreign exchange markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 351-383, June.
  11. Mamoghli, Chokri & Henchiri, Hanène, 2002. "Microstructure du marché des changes interbancaire tunisien : les déterminants de la fourchette des prix," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 78(2), pages 207-220, Juin.
  12. Roman Liesenfeld & Ingmar Nolte & Winfried Pohlmeier, 2008. "Modelling financial transaction price movements: a dynamic integer count data model," Studies in Empirical Economics, in: Luc Bauwens & Winfried Pohlmeier & David Veredas (ed.), High Frequency Financial Econometrics, pages 167-197, Springer.
  13. Takatoshi Ito & Richard K. Lyons & Michael T. Melvin, 1996. "Is There Private Information in the FX Market? The Tokyo Experiment," Working Papers _005, University of California at Berkeley, Haas School of Business.
  14. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim, 1997. "Intraday periodicity and volatility persistence in financial markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 4(2-3), pages 115-158, June.
  15. Gerhard, Frank & Hess, Dieter & Pohlmeier, Winfried, 1998. "What a Difference a Day Makes: On the Common Market Microstructure of Trading Days," CoFE Discussion Papers 98/01, University of Konstanz, Center of Finance and Econometrics (CoFE).
  16. Jeyanthi Karuppiah & Cornelis A. Los, 2000. "Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis of High-Frequency FX Rates, Summer 1997," School of Economics and Public Policy Working Papers 2000-06, University of Adelaide, School of Economics and Public Policy.
  17. Pasquariello, Paolo, 2007. "Informative trading or just costly noise? An analysis of Central Bank interventions," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 107-143, May.
  18. Frank Gerhard & Dieter Hess & Winfried Pohlmeier, 1999. "What a Difference a Day Makes: On the Common Market Microstructure of Trading Days," Finance 9904006, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  19. Poskitt, Russell, 2006. "Swap pricing: Evidence from the sterling swap market," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 294-308, December.
  20. Serdengeçti, Süleyman & Sensoy, Ahmet & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2021. "Dynamics of return and liquidity (co) jumps in emerging foreign exchange markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
  21. Haugom, Erik & Langeland, Henrik & Molnár, Peter & Westgaard, Sjur, 2014. "Forecasting volatility of the U.S. oil market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 1-14.
  22. Michael Melvin & Manuel Gomez, 2004. "Explaining the dollar/euro exchange rate: the role of policy uncertainty, asymmetric information, and hedging opportunities," Econometric Society 2004 North American Winter Meetings 72, Econometric Society.
  23. M. Frömmel & F Van Gysegem, 2014. "Bid-Ask Spread Components on the Foreign Exchange Market: Quantifying the Risk Component," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 14/878, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
  24. Shusheng Ding & Tianxiang Cui & Yongmin Zhang & Jiawei Li, 2021. "Liquidity effects on oil volatility forecasting: From fintech perspective," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(11), pages 1-21, November.
  25. Rashmi Ranjan Paital & Naresh Kumar Sharma, 2016. "Bid-Ask Spreads, Trading Volume and Return Volatility: Intraday Evidence from Indian Stock Market," Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, Eurasian Publications, vol. 4(1), pages 24-40.
  26. Carsten Detken & Philipp Hartmann, 2000. "The Euro and International Capital Markets," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(1), pages 53-94, April.
  27. Nassib Boueri, 2021. "G3M Impermanent Loss Dynamics," Papers 2108.06593, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2022.
  28. Melvin, Michael & Yin, Xixi, 2000. "Public Information Arrival, Exchange Rate Volatility, and Quote Frequency," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(465), pages 644-661, July.
  29. Ramadorai, Tarun, 2006. "Persistence, Performance and Prices in Foreign Exchange Markets," CEPR Discussion Papers 5861, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  30. Ledenyov, Dimitri O. & Ledenyov, Viktor O., 2015. "Wave function method to forecast foreign currencies exchange rates at ultra high frequency electronic trading in foreign currencies exchange markets," MPRA Paper 67470, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  31. Hautsch, Nikolaus & Pohlmeier, Winfried, 2001. "Econometric Analysis of Financial Transaction Data: Pitfalls and Opportunities," CoFE Discussion Papers 01/05, University of Konstanz, Center of Finance and Econometrics (CoFE).
  32. Carlos A. Ulibarri & Peter C. Anselmo & Karen Hovespian & Jacob Tolk & Ionut Florescu, 2009. "'Noise-trader risk' and Bayesian market making in FX derivatives: rolling loaded dice?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(3), pages 268-279.
  33. Martin D. D. Evans, 2017. "FX Trading and Exchange Rate Dynamics," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Studies in Foreign Exchange Economics, chapter 5, pages 189-245, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  34. Stenfors, Alexis & Susai, Masayuki, 2019. "Liquidity withdrawal in the FX spot market: A cross-country study using high-frequency data," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 36-57.
  35. Smita Roy Trivedi, 2020. "The Moses effect: can central banks really guide foreign exchange markets?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(6), pages 2837-2865, June.
  36. Kaul, Aditya & Sapp, Stephen, 2006. "Y2K fears and safe haven trading of the U.S. dollar," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 760-779, August.
  37. Danielsson, J. & Payne, R., 2002. "Real trading patterns and prices in spot foreign exchange markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 203-222, April.
  38. Francq, Christian & Sucarrat, Genaro, 2017. "An equation-by-equation estimator of a multivariate log-GARCH-X model of financial returns," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 16-32.
  39. Sapp, Stephen G., 2002. "Price Leadership in the Spot Foreign Exchange Market," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 37(3), pages 425-448, September.
  40. Yin-Wong Cheung & Menzie D. Chinn & Ian W. Marsh, 2004. "How do UK-based foreign exchange dealers think their market operates?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 9(4), pages 289-306.
  41. Evans, Martin, 2020. "Exchange Rates and Liquidity Risk," MPRA Paper 102702, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  42. Hartmann, Philipp, 1998. "Do Reuters spreads reflect currencies' differences in global trading activity?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 757-784, October.
  43. Pascual, Roberto & Escribano, Alvaro & Tapia, Mikel, 2004. "Adverse selection costs, trading activity and price discovery in the NYSE: An empirical analysis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 107-128, January.
  44. Liang Ding, 2009. "Bid-ask spread and order size in the foreign exchange market: an empirical investigation," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(1), pages 98-105.
  45. Liu, Zhichao & Ma, Feng & Long, Yujia, 2015. "High and low or close to close prices? Evidence from the multifractal volatility," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 427(C), pages 50-61.
  46. Kaufmann, Daniel & Mehrez, Gil & Schmukler, Sergio L., 2005. "Predicting currency fluctuations and crises: Do resident firms have an informational advantage?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(6), pages 1012-1029, October.
  47. Pohlmeier, Winfried & Liesenfeld, Roman, 2003. "A Dynamic Integer Count Data Model for Financial Transaction Prices," CoFE Discussion Papers 03/03, University of Konstanz, Center of Finance and Econometrics (CoFE).
  48. Imlak Shaikh, 2019. "On the Relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty and the Implied Volatility Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-11, March.
  49. Pasquariello, Paolo, 2010. "Central bank intervention and the intraday process of price formation in the currency markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 1045-1061, October.
  50. Xu, Jane Jing & Yip, Tsz Leung & Marlow, Peter B., 2011. "The dynamics between freight volatility and fleet size growth in dry bulk shipping markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 983-991.
  51. Ding, Liang, 2008. "Market structure and dealers' quoting behavior in the foreign exchange market," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 313-325, October.
  52. Lidia Sanchis-Marco & Antonio Rubia Serrano, 2011. "On downside risk predictability through liquidity and trading activity: a quantile regression approach," Working Papers. Serie AD 2011-14, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
  53. Ghosh, Dipak, 1997. "Negative autocorrelation around large jumps in intra-day foreign exchange data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 235-241, October.
  54. Martínez-Ventura, Constanza & Mariño-Martínez, Ricardo & Miguélez-Márquez, Javier, 2023. "Redundancy of Centrality Measures in Financial Market Infrastructures," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 4(4).
  55. Ding, Liang & Hiltrop, Jonas, 2010. "The electronic trading systems and bid-ask spreads in the foreign exchange market," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 323-345, October.
  56. Taufiq Choudhry & Frank McGroarty & Ke Peng & Shiyun Wang, 2012. "High‐Frequency Exchange‐Rate Prediction With An Artificial Neural Network," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(3), pages 170-178, July.
  57. Jeffrey A. Frankel & Giampaolo Galli & Alberto Giovannini, 1996. "Introduction to "The Microstructure of Foreign Exchange Markets"," NBER Chapters, in: The Microstructure of Foreign Exchange Markets, pages 1-18, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  58. Hartmann, Philipp, 1999. "Trading volumes and transaction costs in the foreign exchange market: Evidence from daily dollar-yen spot data," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(5), pages 801-824, May.
  59. Banti, Chiara & Phylaktis, Kate, 2015. "FX market liquidity, funding constraints and capital flows," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 114-134.
  60. David Castañeda-Arévalo & Fredy Gamboa-Estrada, 2021. "Los determinantes de la liquidez en Colombia: un análisis del mercado de divisas de contado," Borradores de Economia 1185, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  61. Michael R. King & Carol Osler & Dagfinn Rime, 2011. "Foreign exchange market structure, players and evolution," Working Paper 2011/10, Norges Bank.
  62. Sirimon Treepongkaruna & Tim Brailsford & Stephen Gray, 2014. "Explaining the bid-ask spread in the foreign exchange market: A test of alternate models," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 39(4), pages 573-591, November.
  63. Gianluca Marcato & Charles Ward, 2006. "Back from Beyond the Bid-Ask Spread: Perspectives on Liquidity," Real Estate & Planning Working Papers rep-wp2006-15, Henley Business School, University of Reading.
  64. Jón Daníelsson & Richard Payne, 2012. "Liquidity determination in an order-driven market," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(9), pages 799-821, October.
  65. Stenfors, Alexis, 2018. "Bid-ask spread determination in the FX swap market: Competition, collusion or a convention?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 78-97.
  66. Terry Boulter & Celeste Ping Fern Tan, 2000. "The Short Run Impact of Scheduled Macroeconomic Announcements on the Australian Dollar during 1998," School of Economics and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Papers Series 082, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology.
  67. Charles Goodhart & Takatoshi Ito & Richard Payne, 1995. "One Day in June, 1994: A Study of the Working of Reuters 2000-2 Electronic Foreign Exchange Trading System," NBER Technical Working Papers 0179, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  68. Pascual, Roberto, 2000. "Dynamic asymmetries in bid-ask responses to innovations in the trading process," UC3M Working papers. Economics 7271, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía.
  69. Yue Fang, 2000. "When Should Time be Continuous? Volatility Modeling and Estimation of High-Frequency Data," Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers 0843, Econometric Society.
  70. Ran Xiao, 2019. "Essays on Price Discovery and Volatility Dynamics in Emerging Market Currencies," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 5-2019, January-A.
  71. Gabriela Mundaca, 2018. "Central bank interventions in a dollarized economy: managed floating versus inflation targeting," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 1507-1535, December.
  72. Koutmos, Gregory & Martin, Anna D., 2011. "Currency bid-ask spread dynamics and the Asian crisis: Evidence across currency regimes," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 62-73, February.
  73. Vladimir Petrov & Anton Golub & Richard Olsen, 2019. "Instantaneous Volatility Seasonality of High-Frequency Markets in Directional-Change Intrinsic Time," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-31, April.
  74. Bollerslev, Tim & Domowitz, Ian & Wang, Jianxin, 1997. "Order flow and the bid-ask spread: An empirical probability model of screen-based trading," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 21(8-9), pages 1471-1491, June.
  75. Poskitt, Russell, 2005. "Bid/ask spreads in the foreign exchange market: An alternative interpretation," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 562-583, November.
  76. Roy Trivedi, Smita, 2018. "Exchange rate volatility: Trader's beliefs and the role of news," MPRA Paper 89330, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  77. Smita Roy Trivedi, 2022. "The Janus view: Do market participants looking into the past impact foreign exchange volatility?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 3990-4001, October.
  78. Taylor, Mark P. & Wang, Zigan & Xu, Qi, 2021. "The real effects of exchange rate risk on corporate investment: International evidence," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  79. Karuppiah, Jeyanthi & Los, Cornelis A., 2005. "Wavelet multiresolution analysis of high-frequency Asian FX rates, Summer 1997," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 211-246.
  80. King, Michael R. & Osler, Carol L. & Rime, Dagfinn, 2013. "The market microstructure approach to foreign exchange: Looking back and looking forward," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 95-119.
  81. Hartmann, Philipp, 1997. "Do Reuters spreads reflect currencies' differences in global trading activity?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119148, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  82. Cheung, Yin-Wong & Chinn, Menzie David, 2001. "Currency traders and exchange rate dynamics: a survey of the US market," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 439-471, August.
  83. Lester, Benjamin & Shourideh, Ali & Venkateswaran, Venky & Zetlin-Jones, Ariel, 2023. "Market-making with search and information frictions," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
  84. Hua, Mingshu, 2009. "A study on foreign exchange dealers' bid-ask spread quote behavior," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 506-523, September.
  85. Martin D. D. Evans, 2002. "FX Trading and Exchange Rate Dynamics," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(6), pages 2405-2447, December.
  86. Kaiser, Ulrich, 1997. "The determinants of BUND-future price changes: An ordered probit analysis using DTB and LIFFE data," ZEW Discussion Papers 97-09, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  87. Martens, Martin & Kofman, Paul, 1998. "The inefficiency of Reuters foreign exchange quotes," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 347-366, March.
  88. Hartmann, Philipp & Issing, Otmar, 2002. "The international role of the euro," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 315-345, July.
  89. Goodhart, Charles A. E. & Payne, Richard G., 1996. "Microstructural dynamics in a foreign exchange electronic broking system," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 829-852, December.
  90. Lin, Chu-Bin & Chou, Robin K. & Wang, George H.K., 2018. "Investor sentiment and price discovery: Evidence from the pricing dynamics between the futures and spot markets," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 17-31.
  91. Yin-Wong Cheung & Menzie D. Chinn, 1999. "Traders, Market Microstructure and Exchange Rate Dynamics," NBER Working Papers 7416, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  92. Kaul, Aditya & Sapp, Stephen, 2009. "Trading activity, dealer concentration and foreign exchange market quality," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 2122-2131, November.
  93. Pascual, Roberto, 2000. "Adverse selection costs, trading activity and liquidity in the NYSE: an empirical analysis in a dynamic context," UC3M Working papers. Economics 7276, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía.
  94. Dupuy, Philippe & James, Jessica & Marsh, Ian W., 2021. "Attractive and non-attractive currencies," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
  95. M. D. Mckenzie & R. D. Brooks, 2003. "The role of information in Hong Kong individual stock futures trading," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(2), pages 123-131.
  96. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev, 1996. "DM-Dollar Volatility: Intraday Activity Patterns, Macroeconomic Announcements, and Longer Run Dependencies," NBER Working Papers 5783, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  97. Forman, John & Horton, Joanne, 2019. "Overconfidence, position size, and the link to performance," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 291-309.
  98. Bu, Ruijun & Kim, Jihyun & Wang, Bin, 2023. "Uniform and Lp convergences for nonparametric continuous time regressions with semiparametric applications," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 1934-1954.
  99. Fatum, Rasmus & Pedersen, Jesper & Sørensen, Peter Norman, 2013. "The intraday effects of central bank intervention on exchange rate spreads," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 103-117.
  100. Chung, Chune Young & Wang, Kainan, 2016. "The impact of individual investor trading on information asymmetry in the Korean stock market," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 472-484.
  101. Elena V. Rozhentsova & Anastasiia D. Saltykova & Tatyana М. Devyatkova, 2021. "Unallocated Metal Accounts in Russia: Determinants of Quoted Bid-Ask Spreads," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 1, pages 93-106, February.
  102. Baillie, Richard T. & Bollerslev, Tim, 2000. "The forward premium anomaly is not as bad as you think," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 471-488, August.
  103. Shaikh, Imlak & Vallabh, Priyanka, 2022. "Monetary policy uncertainty and gold price in India: Evidence from Reserve Bank of India's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) review," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  104. Joel Hasbrouck, 1998. "Security Bid/Ask Dynamics with Discreteness and Clustering: Simple Strategies for Modeling and Estimation," New York University, Leonard N. Stern School Finance Department Working Paper Seires 98-042, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business-.
  105. Hippolyte Weneyam Balima, 2020. "Coups d'état and the foreign exchange market," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(7), pages 1928-1950, July.
  106. Rubia, Antonio & Sanchis-Marco, Lidia, 2013. "On downside risk predictability through liquidity and trading activity: A dynamic quantile approach," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 202-219.
  107. Rühl, Tobias R. & Stein, Michael, 2015. "The impact of ECB macro-announcements on bid–ask spreads of European blue chips," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 54-71.
  108. ter Ellen, Saskia & Verschoor, Willem F.C. & Zwinkels, Remco C.J., 2019. "Agreeing on disagreement: Heterogeneity or uncertainty?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 17-30.
  109. Bollerslev, Tim & Zhang, Benjamin Y. B., 2003. "Measuring and modeling systematic risk in factor pricing models using high-frequency data," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 10(5), pages 533-558, December.
  110. Ali Kutan & Su Zhou, 1995. "Sociopolitical instability, volatility, and the bid-ask spread: Evidence from the free market for dollars in Poland," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 225-236, July.
  111. Tarun Ramadorai, 2008. "What determines transaction costs in foreign exchange markets?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(1), pages 14-25.
  112. Saida Gtifa & Naoufel LIOUANE, 2013. "Bid-ask spread, order size and volatility in the foreign exchange market: an empirical investigation," E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics., E3 Journals, vol. 4(12), pages 267-275.
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