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Schooling and test scores: A mother-natural experiment
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Cited by:
- Huebener, Mathias & Marcus, Jan, 2017.
"Compressing instruction time into fewer years of schooling and the impact on student performance,"
EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 58, pages 1-14.
- Huebener, Mathias & Marcus, Jan, 2017. "Compressing instruction time into fewer years of schooling and the impact on student performance," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1-14.
- Mathias Huebener & Jan Marcus, 2015. "Moving up a Gear: The Impact of Compressing Instructional Time into Fewer Years of Schooling," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1450, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Cattan, Sarah & Kamhöfer, Daniel A. & Karlsson, Martin & Nilsson, Therese, 2017.
"The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Student Absence: Evidence from Sweden,"
IZA Discussion Papers
10995, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Sarah Cattan & Daniel A. Kamhöfer & Martin Karlsson & Therese Nilsson, 2017. "The short- and long-term effects of student absence: evidence from Sweden," IFS Working Papers W17/21, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
- Sarah Cattan & Daniel A. Kamhöfer & Martin Karlsson & Therese Nilsson, 2021. "The short- and long-term effects of student absence: evidence from Sweden," IFS Working Papers W21/06, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
- Cattan, Sarah & Kamhofer, Daniel A. & Karlsson, Martin & Nilsson, Therese, 2017. "The Short- and Long-term Effects of Student Absence: Evidence from Sweden," Working Paper Series 1188, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
- Barrios-Fernández, Andrés & Bovini, Giulia, 2021.
"It’s time to learn: School institutions and returns to instruction time,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
- Barrios Fernandez, Andrés & Bovini, Giulia, 2017. "It’s time to learn: understanding the differences in returns to instruction time," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 86618, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Andrés Barrios Fernández & Giulia Bovini, 2017. "It's time to learn: understanding the differences in returns to instruction time," CEP Discussion Papers dp1521, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Katja Görlitz & Christina Gravert, 2018.
"The effects of a high school curriculum reform on university enrollment and the choice of college major,"
Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(3), pages 321-336, May.
- Görlitz, Katja & Gravert, Christina, 2015. "The Effects of a High School Curriculum Reform on University Enrollment and the Choice of College Major," IZA Discussion Papers 8983, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Görlitz, Katja & Gravert, Christina, 2015. "The effects of a high school curriculum reform on university enrollment and the choice of college major," Discussion Papers 2015/13, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- Harold E. Cuffe & Glen R. Waddell & Wesley Bignell, 2017. "Can School Sports Reduce Racial Gaps In Truancy And Achievement?," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 55(4), pages 1966-1985, October.
- World Bank, 2010. "Uruguay - Equality of Opportunity : Achievements and Challenges," World Bank Publications - Reports 2985, The World Bank Group.
- Meyer Tobias & Schneider Heidrun & Thomsen Stephan L., 2019.
"New Evidence on the Effects of the Shortened School Duration in the German States: An Evaluation of Post-secondary Education Decisions,"
German Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 20(4), pages 201-253, December.
- Tobias Meyer & Stephan L. Thomsen & Heidrun Schneider, 2019. "New Evidence on the Effects of the Shortened School Duration in the German States: An Evaluation of Post‐secondary Education Decisions," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 20(4), pages 201-253, November.
- Meyer, Tobias & Thomsen, Stephan L. & Schneider, Heidrun, 2015. "New Evidence on the Effects of the Shortened School Duration in the German States: An Evaluation of Post-Secondary Education Decisions," IZA Discussion Papers 9507, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Meyer, Tobias & Thomsen, Stephan L., 2012. "How Important is Secondary School Duration for Post-school Education Decisions? Evidence from a Natural Experiment," Hannover Economic Papers (HEP) dp-509, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät.
- Camarero Garcia, Sebastian, 2022.
"Inequality of Educational Opportunities and the Role of Learning Intensity,"
Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
- Camarero Garcia, Sebastian, 2022. "Inequality of educational opportunities and the role of learning intensity," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 113365, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Parinduri, Rasyad A., 2014.
"Do children spend too much time in schools? Evidence from a longer school year in Indonesia,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 89-104.
- Parinduri, Rasyad, 2013. "The Effects of School Term Length on Education and Earnings: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design," MPRA Paper 46158, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Cuffe, Harold E. & Waddell, Glen R. & Bignell, Wesley, 2014. "Too Busy for School? The Effect of Athletic Participation on Absenteeism," IZA Discussion Papers 8426, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Huebener, Mathias & Kuger, Susanne & Marcus, Jan, 2017.
"Increased instruction hours and the widening gap in student performance,"
Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 15-34.
- Huebener, Mathias & Kuger, Susanne & Marcus, Jan, 2017. "Increased instruction hours and the widening gap in student performance," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 47, pages 15-34.
- Mathias Huebener & Susanne Kuger & Jan Marcus, 2016. "Increased Instruction Hours and the Widening Gap in Student Performance," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1561, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- McMullen, Steven C. & Rouse, Kathryn E., 2012. "School crowding, year-round schooling, and mobile classroom use: Evidence from North Carolina," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 812-823.
- OIKAWA Masato & TANAKA Ryuichi & BESSHO Shun-ichiro & KAWAMURA Akira & NOGUCHI Haruko, 2022.
"Do Class Closures Affect Students' Achievements? Heterogeneous effects of students' socioeconomic backgrounds,"
Discussion papers
22042, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- Oikawa, Masato & Tanaka, Ryuichi & Bessho, Shun-ichiro & Kawamura, Akira & Noguchi, Haruko, 2022. "Do Class Closures Affect Students' Achievements? Heterogeneous Effects of Students' Socioeconomic Backgrounds," IZA Discussion Papers 15751, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Dahmann, Sarah C., 2017.
"How does education improve cognitive skills? Instructional time versus timing of instruction,"
Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 35-47.
- Dahmann, Sarah, 2015. "How does education improve cognitive skills? Instructional Time versus Timing of Instruction," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112917, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Sarah Dahmann, 2015. "How Does Education Improve Cognitive Skills? - Instructional Time versus Timing of Instruction," CINCH Working Paper Series 1504, Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Competent in Competition and Health, revised Apr 2015.
- Sarah Dahmann, 2015. "How Does Education Improve Cognitive Skills? Instructional Time versus Timing of Instruction," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 769, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
- Vincenzo Andrietti & Xuejuan Su, 2019.
"The Impact of Schooling Intensity on Student Learning: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment,"
Education Finance and Policy, MIT Press, vol. 14(4), pages 679-701, Fall.
- Andrietti, Vincenzo & Su, Xuejuan, 2017. "The Impact of Schooling Intensity on Student Learning: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment," Working Papers 2017-4, University of Alberta, Department of Economics, revised 30 Apr 2018.
- Fitzpatrick, Maria D. & Grissmer, David & Hastedt, Sarah, 2011.
"What a difference a day makes: Estimating daily learning gains during kindergarten and first grade using a natural experiment,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 269-279, April.
- Maria Fitzpatrick & David Grissmer & Sarah Hastedt, 2009. "What a Differense a Day Makes: Estimating Daily Learning Gains During Kindergarten and First Grade Using a Natural Experiment," Discussion Papers 08-050, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
- Valeria Groppo & Kati Kraehnert, 2017.
"The impact of extreme weather events on education,"
Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 30(2), pages 433-472, April.
- Valeria Groppo & Kati Krähnert, 2015. "The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Education," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1534, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Niki, Minae, 2024. "Does the reduction in instruction time affect student achievement and motivation? Evidence from Japan," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
- F. Chris Curran, 2022. "Ban the Discipline Box? How University Applications that Assess Prior School Discipline Experiences Relate to Admissions of Students Suspended in High School," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 63(7), pages 1120-1157, November.
- Philipp Ager & Katherine Eriksson & Ezra Karger & Peter Nencka & Melissa A. Thomasson, 2024.
"School Closures during the 1918 Flu Pandemic,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 106(1), pages 266-276, January.
- Ager, Philipp & Eriksson, Katherine & Karger, Ezra & Nencka, Peter & Thomasson, Melissa A., 2020. "School Closures During the 1918 Flu Pandemic," CEPR Discussion Papers 15575, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Philipp Ager & Katherine Eriksson & Ezra Karger & Peter Nencka & Melissa A. Thomasson, 2020. "School Closures During the 1918 Flu Pandemic," NBER Working Papers 28246, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Stephan L. Thomsen, 2015. "The impacts of shortening secondary school duration," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 166-166, July.
- Richard W. DiSalvo & Jing Che, 2022. "Causal inference on the engagement effects of athletic participation from within‐student variation," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(4), pages 1911-1928, October.
- Bettina Büttner & Stephan L. Thomsen, 2015.
"Are We Spending Too Many Years in School? Causal Evidence of the Impact of Shortening Secondary School Duration,"
German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 16(1), pages 65-86, February.
- Büttner Bettina & Thomsen Stephan L., 2015. "Are We Spending Too Many Years in School? Causal Evidence of the Impact of Shortening Secondary School Duration," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 16(1), pages 65-86, February.
- Bettina Büttner & Stephan Thomsen, 2010. "Are We Spending Too Many Years in School? Causal Evidence of the Impact of Shortening Secondary School Duration," FEMM Working Papers 100008, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Management.
- Büttner, Bettina & Thomsen, Stephan L., 2010. "Are we spending too many years in school? Causal evidence of the impact of shortening secondary school duration," ZEW Discussion Papers 10-011, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
- Görlitz, Katja & Gravert, Christina, 2015.
"The Effects of Increasing the Standards of the High School Curriculum on School Dropout,"
IZA Discussion Papers
8766, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Görlitz, Katja & Gravert, Christina, 2015. "The effects of increasing the standards of the high school curriculum on school dropout," Discussion Papers 2015/1, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
- David Tobón & Germán Darío Valencia Agudelo & Paul Ríos Gallego & John Fredy Bedoya, 2008. "Hierarchical Organization and School Academic Achievement in Medellin: An Analysis from the Educational Production Function," Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Economía, issue 68, pages 145-173, Enero-Jun.
- Andrés Barrios Fernández, 2023. "Instruction time and educational outcomes," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 509-509, July.
- Yasmine Bekkouche & Kenneth Houngbedji & Oswald Koussihouede, 2022.
"Rainy days and learning outcomes: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa,"
Working Papers
DT/2022/07, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
- Yasmine Bekkouche & Kenneth Houngbedji & Oswald Koussihouede, 2023. "Rainy days and learning outcomes: Evidence from sub-saharan Africa," Working Papers hal-04315889, HAL.
- Y. Bekkouche & Kenneth Houngbedji & Oswald Koussihouede, 2023. "Rainy days and learning outcomes: Evidence from sub-saharan Africa," Working Papers hal-03962882, HAL.
- Bingley, Paul & Heinesen, Eskil & Krassel, Karl Fritjof & Kristensen, Nicolai, 2018. "The Timing of Instruction Time: Accumulated Hours, Timing and Pupil Achievement," IZA Discussion Papers 11807, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Philipp Mandel & Bernd Süssmuth, 2011. "Total Instructional Time Exposure and Student Achievement: An Extreme Bounds Analysis Based on German State-Level Variation," CESifo Working Paper Series 3580, CESifo.
- Kawin Thamtanajit, 2022. "Prolonged Protests and Student Achievement: Evidence from Political Unrest in Thailand," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 48(2), pages 226-250, April.
- Felipe Barrera-Osorio & Darío Maldonado & Catherine Rodríguez, 2012.
"Calidad de la Educación Básica y Media en Colombia: Diagnóstico y Propuestas,"
Documentos CEDE
10321, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
- Felipe Barrera-Osorio & Dario Maldonado & Catherine Rodríguez, 2012. "Calidad de la educación básica y media en Colombia: diagnóstico y propuestas," Documentos de Trabajo 10078, Universidad del Rosario.
- Martin Nistal & María Edo, 2022. "More time less time? The effect of lengthening the school day on learning trajectories," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4578, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
- Daniel I. Rees & Joseph J. Sabia, 2009. "The Effect of Breast Feeding on Educational Attainment: Evidence from Sibling Data," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(1), pages 43-72.
- Simon Briole, 2019.
"From Teacher Quality to Teaching Quality: Instructional Productivity and Teaching Practices in the US,"
PSE Working Papers
halshs-01993616, HAL.
- Simon Briole, 2019. "From Teacher Quality to Teaching Quality: Instructional Productivity and Teaching Practices in the US," Working Papers halshs-01993616, HAL.
- Thompson, Paul N., 2021. "Is four less than five? Effects of four-day school weeks on student achievement in Oregon," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
- Agüero, Jorge M. & Beleche, Trinidad, 2013. "Test-Mex: Estimating the effects of school year length on student performance in Mexico," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 353-361.
- Hansen, Benjamin & Lang, Matthew, 2011. "Back to school blues: Seasonality of youth suicide and the academic calendar," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 850-861, October.
- Nishihata, Masaya & Kobayashi, Yohei, 2024.
"Inequalities in student learning and screen time due to COVID-19: Evidence from Japan,"
Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
- NISHIHATA Masaya & KOBAYASHI Yohei, 2022. "Inequalities in Student Learning and Screen Time Due to COVID-19: Evidence from Japan," Discussion papers 22107, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- Dörsam, Michael & Lauber, Verena, 2015. "The Effect of a Compressed High School Curriculum on University Grades: DiD-Evidence From a German Policy Shift," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112876, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Joshua Goodman, 2014.
"Flaking Out: Student Absences and Snow Days as Disruptions of Instructional Time,"
NBER Working Papers
20221, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Joshua Goodman, 2014. "Flaking Out: Student Absences and Snow Days as Disruptions of Instructional Time," Working Paper 141961, Harvard University OpenScholar.
- Jiang, Wei & Lu, Yi & Xie, Huihua, 2020. "Education and mental health: Evidence and mechanisms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 407-437.
- Jennifer Graves & Steven McMullen & Kathryn Rouse, 2013. "Multi-Track Year-Round Schooling as Cost Saving Reform: Not Just a Matter of Time," Education Finance and Policy, MIT Press, vol. 8(3), pages 300-315, July.
- Katharina Wedel, 2021. "Instruction Time and Student Achievement: The Moderating Role of Teacher Qualifications," ifo Working Paper Series 344, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- D. Mark Anderson & Mary Beth Walker, 2015. "Does Shortening the School Week Impact Student Performance? Evidence from the Four-Day School Week," Education Finance and Policy, MIT Press, vol. 10(3), pages 314-349, July.
- Dills, Angela K. & Morgan, Hillary N. & Rotthoff, Kurt W., 2011. "Recess, physical education, and elementary school student outcomes," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 889-900, October.
- Strazzeri, Maurizio & Oggenfuss, Chantal & Wolter, Stefan C., 2022.
"Much Ado about Nothing? School Curriculum Reforms and Students' Educational Trajectories,"
IZA Discussion Papers
15505, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Maurizio Strazzeri & Chantal Oggenfuss & Stefan C. Wolter, 2022. "Much Ado about Nothing? School Curriculum Reforms and Students' Educational Trajectories," CESifo Working Paper Series 9912, CESifo.
- Maurizio Strazzeri & Chantal Oggenfuss & Stefan C. Wolter, 2022. "Much ado about nothing? School Curriculum Reforms and Students' Educational Trajectories," Economics of Education Working Paper Series 0195, University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration (IBW).
- Marcus, Jan & Reif, Simon & Wuppermann, Amelie & Rouche, Amélie, 2020.
"Increased instruction time and stress-related health problems among school children,"
Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
- Marcus, Jan & Reif, Simon & Wuppermann, Amélie & Rouche, Amélie, 2020. "Increased instruction time and stress-related health problems among school children," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 70.
- Jan Marcus & Simon Reif & Amelie C. Wuppermann & Amélie Rouche, 2019. "Increased instruction time and stress-related health problems among school children," CESifo Working Paper Series 7648, CESifo.
- Jan Marcus & Simon Reif & Amelie Wuppermann & Amélie Rouche, 2019. "Increased Instruction Time and Stress-Related Health Problems among School Children," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1802, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Outes-Leon,Ingo & Sanchez,Alan & Vakis,Renos, 2020. "The Power of Believing You Can Get Smarter : The Impact of a Growth-Mindset Intervention on Academic Achievement in Peru," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9141, The World Bank.
- Wedel, Katharina, 2021. "Instruction time and student achievement: The moderating role of teacher qualifications," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
- Michael Doersam & Verena Lauber, 2019. "The Effect of a Compressed High School Curriculum on University Performance," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2019-03, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
- Sarah Gust, 2024. "(Not) Going to School in Times of Climate Change: Natural Disasters and Student Achievement," ifo Working Paper Series 413, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
- NAKAMURO Makiko & ITO Hirotake, 2020. "The Effect of Computer Assisted Learning on Children's Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Cambodia," Discussion papers 20074, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
- Dörsam, Michael & Lauber, Verena, 2015. "The Effect of a Compressed High School Curriculum on University Performance," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 140876, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- De Witte, K. & Van Klaveren, C., 2012. "The effect of primary school closures on educational attainments of students," Working Papers 42, Top Institute for Evidence Based Education Research.
- Dave E. Marcotte & Steven W. Hemelt, 2008.
"Unscheduled School Closings and Student Performance,"
Education Finance and Policy, MIT Press, vol. 3(3), pages 316-338, July.
- Marcotte, Dave E. & Hemelt, Steven W., 2007. "Unscheduled School Closings and Student Performance," IZA Discussion Papers 2923, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Steven G. Rivkin & Jeffrey C. Schiman, 2015.
"Instruction Time, Classroom Quality, and Academic Achievement,"
Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 125(588), pages 425-448, November.
- Steven G. Rivkin & Jeffrey C. Schiman, 2013. "Instruction Time, Classroom Quality, and Academic Achievement," NBER Working Papers 19464, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Martín Nistal, 2022. "More time less time? The effect of lengthening the school day on learning trajectories," Young Researchers Working Papers 4, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, revised Oct 2022.
- Elena Claudia Meroni & Giovanni Abbiati, 2014. "Gender differences in exposure to more instruction time. Evidence from Italy," Working Papers 064, "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics (DONDENA), Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
- Thompson, Paul N., 2019. "Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Student Achievement: Evidence from Oregon," IZA Discussion Papers 12204, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- McHenry, Peter, 2011. "The effect of school inputs on labor market returns that account for selective migration," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 39-54, February.
- Orgales, Catherine Rodriguez, 2009. "Comment," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 123314, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Kubota, Kohei, 2016. "Effects of Japanese compulsory educational reforms on household educational expenditure," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 47-60.
- Meyer, Tobias & Thomsen, Stephan, 2015. "New Evidence on the Effects of the Shortened School Duration in the German States - An Evaluation of Post-School Education Decisions," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112910, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Battistin, Erich & Meroni, Elena Claudia, 2016.
"Should we increase instruction time in low achieving schools? Evidence from Southern Italy,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 39-56.
- Battistin, Erich & Meroni, Elena Claudia, 2013. "Should We Increase Instruction Time in Low Achieving Schools? Evidence from Southern Italy," IZA Discussion Papers 7437, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Figlio, David & Holden, Kristian L. & Ozek, Umut, 2018. "Do students benefit from longer school days? Regression discontinuity evidence from Florida's additional hour of literacy instruction," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 171-183.