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School supply constraints and children's educational outcomes in rural Ghana
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- Daniel Ştefan Armeanu & Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2017. "Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-22, December.
- Stephan Litschig, 2008.
"Financing local development: Quasi-experimental evidence from municipalities in Brazil, 1980-1991,"
Economics Working Papers
1142, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Jun 2012.
- Stephan Litschig, 2011. "Financing Local Development: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Municipalities in Brazil, 1980-1991," Working Papers 510, Barcelona School of Economics.
- Maitra, Pushkar & Mani, Subha, 2017.
"Learning and earning: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in India,"
Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 116-130.
- Pushkar Maitra & Subha Mani, 2012. "Learning and Earning: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India," Monash Economics Working Papers 44-12, Monash University, Department of Economics.
- Maitra, Pushkar & Mani, Subha, 2014. "Learning and Earning: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India," IZA Discussion Papers 8552, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Pushkar Maitra & Subha Mani, 2013. "Learning and Earning: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India," Working Papers id:5504, eSocialSciences.
- Pushkar Maitra & Subha Mani, 2013. "Learning and Earning: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India," Fordham Economics Discussion Paper Series dp2013-02, Fordham University, Department of Economics.
- Camargo, Braz & Stein, Guilherme, 2022. "Credit constraints and human capital policies," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
- Fikresus Amahazion, 2022. "Dragon Meets Camel: An Exploration of China’s Engagement with Eritrea," Journal of Social and Development Sciences, AMH International, vol. 12(4), pages 59-85.
- Murat G. Kırdar & Meltem Dayıoğlu & İsmet Koç, 2016.
"Does Longer Compulsory Education Equalize Schooling by Gender and Rural/Urban Residence?,"
The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 30(3), pages 549-579.
- Kirdar, Murat Güray & Dayioglu-Tayfur, Meltem & Koc, Ismet, 2014. "Does Longer Compulsory Education Equalize Schooling by Gender and Rural/Urban Residence?," IZA Discussion Papers 7939, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Richard Mussa, 2013.
"Rural--urban differences in parental spending on children's primary education in Malawi,"
Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(6), pages 789-811, December.
- Mussa, Richard, 2009. "Rural-urban differences in parental spending on children's primary education in Malawi," MPRA Paper 16090, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Richard Mussa, 2010. "Rural-Urban Differences in Parental Spending on Children’s Primary Education in Malawi," SALDRU Working Papers 49, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
- Aysit Tansel, 1998.
"Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey,"
Working Papers
9810, Economic Research Forum, revised 07 Sep 1998.
- Tansel, A., 1998. "Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey," Papers 789, Yale - Economic Growth Center.
- Tansel, Aysit, 1998. "Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey," Center Discussion Papers 28519, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Aysit Tansel, 1998. "Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey," Working Papers 789, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- George Abuchi Agwu & Oussama Ben Atta, 2021. "University proximity at teenage years and educational attainment," Working papers of Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales (TREE) hal-03492963, HAL.
- Drusilla K. Brown & Alan V. Deardorff & Robert M Stern, 2001.
"Child Labor: Theory, Evidence, and Policy,"
Working Papers
474, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.
- Drusilla K. Brown & Alan V. Deardorff & Robert M. Stern, 2001. "Child Labor: Theory, Evidence and Policy," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 0111, Department of Economics, Tufts University.
- Blunch,Niels-Hugo & Verner,Dorte, 2000.
"Revisiting the link between poverty and child labor - the Ghanaian experience,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2488, The World Bank.
- Blunch, Niels-Hugo & Verner, Dorthe, 2001. "Revisiting the Link Between Poverty and Child Labor: The Ghanaian Experience," CLS Working Papers 01-3, University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Centre for Labour Market and Social Research.
- Simon Appleton, 2000.
"Education and Health at the Household Level in Sub-Saharan Africa,"
CID Working Papers
33A, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Appleton, S., 2000. "Education and Health at the Household Level in Sub-Saharan Africa," Papers 33, Chicago - Graduate School of Business.
- Simon Appleton, 2000. "Education and health at the household level in sub-Saharan Africa," CID Working Papers 33, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Santosh Kumar & Emily A. Dansereau & Christopher J. L. Murray, 2014.
"Does distance matter for institutional delivery in rural India?,"
Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(33), pages 4091-4103, November.
- Santosh Kumar & Emily Dansereau & Chris Murray, 2014. "Does Distance Matter for Institutional Delivery in Rural India?," Working Papers 1405, Sam Houston State University, Department of Economics and International Business.
- Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop & Sahoo, Soham, 2016.
"Does access to secondary education affect primary schooling? Evidence from India,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 124-142.
- Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay & Soham Sahoo, 2012. "Does Access to Secondary Education Affect Primary Schooling? Evidence from India," Working Papers id:5044, eSocialSciences.
- Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop & Sahoo, Soham, 2012. "Does Access to Secondary Education Affect Primary Schooling? Evidence from India," IZA Discussion Papers 6507, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Lincove, Jane Arnold, 2009. "Determinants of schooling for boys and girls in Nigeria under a policy of free primary education," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 474-484, August.
- Michael Clemens, 2004.
"The Long Walk to School: International Education Goals in Historical Perspective,"
Working Papers
37, Center for Global Development.
- Michael A. Clemens, 2004. "The Long Walk to School: International education goals in historical perspective," Development and Comp Systems 0403007, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- World Bank, 2005. "Cambodia : Quality Basic Education for All," World Bank Publications - Reports 8643, The World Bank Group.
- Dana Burde & Leigh L. Linden, 2012.
"The Effect of Village-Based Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Afghanistan,"
NBER Working Papers
18039, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Burde, Dana & Linden, Leigh L., 2012. "The Effect of Village-Based Schools: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Afghanistan," IZA Discussion Papers 6531, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Charlton, Diane & Taylor, J. Edward, 2015. "Education Accelerating the Agricultural Transformation: Panel Data Analysis of Rural Mexico," 2015 AAEA & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-28, San Francisco, California 205781, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Florence Kondylis & Marco Manacorda, 2012.
"School Proximity and Child Labor: Evidence from Rural Tanzania,"
Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 47(1), pages 32-63.
- Florence Kondylis & Marco Manacorda, 2010. "School Proximity and Child Labor Evidence from Rurul Tanzania," CEP Discussion Papers dp1035, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Manacorda, Marco & Kondylis, Florence, 2010. "School Proximity and Child Labor: Evidence from Rural Tanzania," CEPR Discussion Papers 7890, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Fernanda Estevan, 2015.
"Public education expenditures and private school enrollment,"
Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 48(2), pages 561-584, May.
- Fernanda Estevan, 2015. "Public education expenditures and private school enrollment," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 48(2), pages 561-584, May.
- Fernanda Estevan, 2014. "Public Education Expenditures and Private School Enrollment," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2014_14, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).
- Marshall, Jeffery H., 2011. "School quality signals and attendance in rural Guatemala," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 1445-1455.
- Fiala, Nathan & Garcia-Hernandez, Ana & Narula, Kritika & Prakash, Nishith, 2022. "Wheels of change: Transforming girls' lives with bicycles," Ruhr Economic Papers 943, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
- Nava Ashraf & Natalie Bau & Nathan Nunn & Alessandra Voena, 2020.
"Bride Price and Female Education,"
Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 128(2), pages 591-641.
- Nava Ashraf & Natalie Bau & Nathan Nunn & Alessandra Voena, 2016. "Bride Price and Female Education," NBER Working Papers 22417, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Nava Ashraf & Natalie Bau & Nathan Nunn & Alessandra Voena, 2018. "Bride Price and Female Education," Working Papers id:12917, eSocialSciences.
- Nathan Fiala & Ana Garcia-Hernandez & Kritika Narula & Nishith Prakash, 2022. "Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls' Lives with Bicycles," CESifo Working Paper Series 9865, CESifo.
- Meltem Dayıoğlu & Murat Güray Kırdar, 2022.
"Keeping Kids in School and Out of Work: Compulsory Schooling and Child Labor in Turkey,"
Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(4), pages 526-555.
- Dayioglu-Tayfur, Meltem & Kirdar, Murat Güray, 2020. "Keeping Kids in School and Out of Work: Compulsory Schooling and Child Labor in Turkey," IZA Discussion Papers 13276, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Paul Schultz, T., 2002.
"Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 207-225, February.
- T. Paul Schultz, 2001. "Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls," Working Papers 836, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Chakraborty, Bidisha & Chakraborty, Kamalika, 2016. "Low Level Equilibrium Trap, Unemployment, School Quality, Child Labour and Human Capital Formation," MPRA Paper 74621, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Kyle McNabb, 2017. "Exploring regional and gender disparities in Beninese primary school attendance: A multilevel approach," WIDER Working Paper Series 070, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Orazem, Peter F. & King, Elizabeth M., 2008.
"Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy,"
Handbook of Development Economics, in: T. Paul Schultz & John A. Strauss (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 55, pages 3475-3559,
Elsevier.
- Orazem, Peter F. & Kling, Elizabeth M., 2007. "Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy," Working Papers 7349, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Orazem, Peter & King, Elizabeth M., 2008. "Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy," Staff General Research Papers Archive 12838, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- K?rdar,Murat G. & Day?o?lu,Meltem & Koç,?smet, 2015. "Does longer compulsory education equalize schooling by gender and rural/urban residence ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7377, The World Bank.
- Filmer, Deon, 2000. "The structure of social disparities in education : gender and wealth," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2268, The World Bank.
- World Bank, 2011. "Vietnam," World Bank Publications - Reports 27450, The World Bank Group.
- Behrman, Jere R., 2010. "Investment in Education Inputs and Incentives," Handbook of Development Economics, in: Dani Rodrik & Mark Rosenzweig (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 0, pages 4883-4975, Elsevier.
- Caren A. Grown, 2006. "Quick Impact Initiatives For Gender Equality: A Menu of Options," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_462, Levy Economics Institute.
- Handa, Sudhanshu & Simler, Kenneth R. & Harrower, Sarah, 2004. "Human capital, household welfare, and children's schooling in Mozambique:," Research reports 134, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Glick, Peter, 2008. "What Policies will Reduce Gender Schooling Gaps in Developing Countries: Evidence and Interpretation," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 1623-1646, September.
- Nathan Fiala & Ana Garcia-Hernandez & Kritika Narula & Nishith Prakash, 2022. "Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls’ Lives with Bicycles," Working papers 2022-04, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
- Raymond, Melanie & Sadoulet, Elisabeth, 2003.
"Educational Grants Closing the Gap in Schooling Attainment between Poor and Non-Poor,"
CUDARE Working Papers
25034, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
- Raymond, Melanie & Sadoulet, Elisabeth, 2003. "Educational Grants Closing the Gap in Schooling Attainment between Poor and Non-Poor," Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, Working Paper Series qt60r0x8j4, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UC Berkeley.
- Glewwe, Paul & Kremer, Michael, 2006.
"Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries,"
Handbook of the Economics of Education, in: Erik Hanushek & F. Welch (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Education, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 16, pages 945-1017,
Elsevier.
- Paul Glewwe & Michael Kremer, 2005. "Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries," CID Working Papers 122, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Animesh Giri & Vinish Shrestha, 2016. "Schooling Infrastructure and Female Educational Outcomes in Nepal," Working Papers 2016-18, Towson University, Department of Economics, revised Oct 2016.
- Lincove, Jane Arnold, 2012. "The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda's policy of free primary education," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 799-811.
- Deon Filmer, 2007.
"If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries,"
Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(5), pages 901-928.
- Filmer, Deon, 2004. "If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrollment in 21 poor countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3340, The World Bank.
- Daniela Vuri, 2010. "The Effect of Availability of School and Distance to School on Children's Time Allocation in Ghana," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 24(s1), pages 46-75, December.
- Finn McGuire & Noemi Kreif & Peter C. Smith, 2021. "The effect of distance on maternal institutional delivery choice: Evidence from Malawi," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(9), pages 2144-2167, September.
- Esther Duflo, 2001.
"Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(4), pages 795-813, September.
- Esther Duflo, 2000. "Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment," NBER Working Papers 7860, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Hazarika, Gautam & Viren, Vejoya, 2013. "The effect of early childhood developmental program attendance on future school enrollment in rural North India," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 146-161.
- Bennell, Paul, 2021. "The political economy of attaining Universal Primary Education in sub-Saharan Africa: Social class reproduction, educational distancing and job competition," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
- George Abuchi Agwu & Oussama Ben Atta, 2021. "University proximity at teenage years and educational attainment," Working Papers hal-03492963, HAL.
- Mangyo, Eiji, 2008. "Who benefits more from higher household consumption? The intra-household allocation of nutrients in China," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 296-312, June.
- Jangsaeng Kim & Miyang Jun, 2022. "Money, a Drain of Educational Opportunity: A Microregional Study of School Dropouts in Mpigi, Uganda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-15, May.
- Subha Mani & John Hoddinott & John Strauss, 2009. "Determinants of Schooling Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Rural Ethiopia," Fordham Economics Discussion Paper Series dp2009-03, Fordham University, Department of Economics.
- Handa, Sudhanshu, 2002. "Raising primary school enrolment in developing countries: The relative importance of supply and demand," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 103-128, October.
- Ousman Gajigo, 2016. "Closing the education gender gap: estimating the impact of girls' scholarship program in The Gambia," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 167-188, April.
- Glick, Peter & Sahn, David E., 2006. "The demand for primary schooling in Madagascar: Price, quality, and the choice between public and private providers," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(1), pages 118-145, February.
- Céline Nauges & Jon Strand, 2017.
"Water Hauling and Girls’ School Attendance: Some New Evidence from Ghana,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 66(1), pages 65-88, January.
- Nauges, Celine & Strand, Jon, 2013. "Water hauling and girls'school attendance : some new evidence from Ghana," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6443, The World Bank.
- Lincove, Jane Arnold, 2015. "Improving Identification of Demand-Side Obstacles to Schooling: Findings from Revealed and Stated Preference Models in Two SSA Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 69-83.
- Kyle McNabb, 2017. "Exploring regional and gender disparities in Beninese primary school attendance: A multilevel approach," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-70, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Vyacheslav Mikhed & Barry Scholnick, 2014. "Financial benefits, travel costs, and bankruptcy," Working Papers 14-18, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
- Handa, Sudhanshu, 1999. "Raising primary school enrollment in developing countries," FCND discussion papers 76, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Lloyd, Cynthia B. & Mete, Cem & Grant, Monica J., 2009. "The implications of changing educational and family circumstances for children's grade progression in rural Pakistan: 1997-2004," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 152-160, February.
- Nunoo, Jacob & Taale, Francis & Sebu, Joshua & Adama, Adams Sorekuong Yakubu, 2023. "Influence of teacher absenteeism and school distance on cognitive skills in Ghana," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
- Saima Nawaz & Nasir Iqbal, 2016. "Education Poverty in Pakistan: A Spatial Analysis at District Level," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 10(2), pages 270-287, August.
- Chen, Shuang, 2018. "Education and transition to work: Evidence from Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 92-105.
- Kamalika Chakraborty & Bidisha Chakraborty, 2018. "Low level equilibrium trap, unemployment, efficiency of education system, child labour and human capital formation," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 125(1), pages 69-95, September.
- Aline Coudouel & Stefano Paternostro, 2005. "Analyzing the Distributional Impact of Reforms : A Practioner's Guide to Trade, Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy, Utility Provision, Agricultural Markets, Land Policy and Education, Volume 1," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7251.
- Gee, Kevin A., 2015. "Achieving gender equality in learning outcomes: Evidence from a non-formal education program in Bangladesh," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 207-216.
- Gautam Hazarika, 2001. "The Sensitivity of Primary School Enrollment to the Costs of Post-Primary Schooling in Rural Pakistan: A Gender Perspective," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(3), pages 237-244.
- Sudharshan Canagarajah & Helena Skyt Nielsen, 2001. "Child Labor in Africa: A Comparative Study," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 575(1), pages 71-91, May.
- Banerjee, Moulinath & Mukherjee, Debasri & Mishra, Santosh, 2009. "Semiparametric binary regression models under shape constraints with an application to Indian schooling data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 149(2), pages 101-117, April.
- Wenya Cheng, 2017. "The impact of parental education on children’s outcomes in China," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(4), pages 423-436, October.
- Del Rey, Elena & Estevan, Fernanda, 2013.
"Conditional cash transfers and education quality in the presence of credit constraints,"
Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 76-84.
- Elena Del Rey & Fernanda Estevan, 2011. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Education Quality in the Presence of Credit Constraints," Working Papers 1108E, University of Ottawa, Department of Economics.
- Clifford Afoakwah & Isaac Koomson, 2021. "How does school travel time impact children’s learning outcomes in a developing country?," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1077-1097, December.
- Oussama Ben Atta, 2022. "University proximity at teenage years and educational attainment," French Stata Users' Group Meetings 2022 02, Stata Users Group.
- Kumar, Santosh & Dansereau, Emily & Murray, Chris, 2012. "Does Distance matter for Institutional Delivery in Rural India? An Instrumental Variable Approach," MPRA Paper 45762, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 01 Jan 2013.
- Idei, Rika & Kato, Hironori & Morikawa, So, 2020. "Contribution of rural roads improvement on children’s school attendance: Evidence in Cambodia," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
- Rosati, Furio Camillo & Tzannatos, Zafiris, 2003. "Child work : an expository framework of altruistic and non-altruistic models," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 25984, The World Bank.
- Sandrine A. Koissy-Kpein, 2015. "Gender-based violence and gender bias in schooling decision: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series 107, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Margaret E. Grosh & Paul Glewwe, 1998. "Data Watch: The World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study Household Surveys," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 187-196, Winter.
- Sandrine A. Koissy-Kpein, 2015. "Gender-based violence and gender bias in schooling decision: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2015-107, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Nguyen, Vy T. & King, Elizabeth M., 2022. "Should school fee abolition be comprehensive? An evaluation of Mozambique," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
- Filmer, Deon & Pritchett, Lant, 1998. "The effect of household wealth on educational attainment : demographic and health survey evidence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1980, The World Bank.
- Goensch, Iris, 2013. "Does the availability of secondary schools increase primary schooling? Empirical evidence from northern Senegal," Discussion Papers 63, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU).