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Labour Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India--A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence
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- Raghav Agarwal & Atharva Shirke & Nehajoan Panackal, 2020. "Enablers of the Collective Bargaining in Industrial Relations: A Study of India’s Industrial Policies Through ISM and MICMAC Analysis," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 63(3), pages 781-798, September.
- Ayyagari, Meghana & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Maksimovic, Vojislav, 2013. "Size and age of establishments: evidence from developing countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6718, The World Bank.
- Pal, Rupayan & Rathore, Udayan, 2016.
"Estimating workers’ bargaining power and firms’ markup in India: Implications of reforms and labour regulations,"
Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 1118-1135.
- Rupayan Pal & Udayan Rathore, 2014. "Estimating workers bargaining power and firms markup in India: Implications of reforms and labour regulations," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2014-037, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- Ravi S. Srivastava, 2016. "Myth and reality of labour flexibility in India," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 59(1), pages 1-38, March.
- Hasan, Rana & Mitra, Devashish & Ranjan, Priya & Ahsan, Reshad N., 2012. "Trade liberalization and unemployment: Theory and evidence from India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(2), pages 269-280.
- Choorikkad Veeramani & Lakshmi Aerath & Prachi Gupta, 2018.
"Intensive and extensive margins of exports: What can India learn from China?,"
The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5), pages 1196-1222, May.
- C. Veeramani & Lakshmi A & Prachi Gupta, 2017. "Intensive and extensive margins of exports: What can India learn from China?," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2017-002, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- Mitra, Arup,, 2013. "Can industry be the key to pro-poor growth? : An exploratory analysis for India," ILO Working Papers 994843463402676, International Labour Organization.
- Chaudhary,Sarur & Sharma,Siddharth, 2022. "The Impact of Lifting Firing Restrictions on Firms : Evidence from a State-Level Labor Law Amendment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10039, The World Bank.
- Simon DEAKIN & Priya LELE & Mathias SIEMS, 2007.
"The evolution of labour law: Calibrating and comparing regulatory regimes,"
International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 146(3-4), pages 133-162, September.
- Simon Deakin & Priya Lele & Mathias Siems, 2007. "The Evolution of Labour Law: Calibrating and Comparing Regulatory Regimes," Working Papers wp352, Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge.
- Malini L. Tantri, 2019. "India’s Plantations Labour Act and Inherent Structural Anomalies," Review of Development and Change, , vol. 24(2), pages 224-241, December.
- Aditya BHATTACHARJEA, 2021. "Labour market flexibility in Indian manufacturing: A critical survey of the literature," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 160(2), pages 197-217, June.
- Ghate, Chetan & Wright, Stephen, 2012.
"The “V-factor”: Distribution, timing and correlates of the great Indian growth turnaround,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 58-67.
- Chetan Ghate & Stephen Wright, 2008. "V-Factor: Distribution, timing and correlates of the the great Indian growth turnaround," Discussion Papers 08-03, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi.
- Chetan Ghate & Stephen Wright, 2009. "The "V-Factor": Distribution, Timing and Correlates of the Great Indian Growth Turnaround," Jena Economics Research Papers 2009-010, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
- Chetan Ghate & Stephen Wright, 2008. "The "V-Factor": Distribution, Timing and Correlates of the Great Indian Growth Turnaround," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 783, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Poonam Gupta & Rana Hasan & Utsav Kumar, "undated".
"What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?,"
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers
211, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India.
- Poonam Gupta, 2008. "What Constrains Indian Manufacturing," Working Papers id:1597, eSocialSciences.
- Poonam Gupta & Rana Hasan & Utsav Kumar, 2008. "What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?," Macroeconomics Working Papers 22162, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
- Gupta, Poonam & Hasan, Rana & Kumar, Utsav, 2008. "What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 119, Asian Development Bank.
- Freeman, Richard B., 2010. "Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries," Handbook of Development Economics, in: Dani Rodrik & Mark Rosenzweig (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 0, pages 4657-4702, Elsevier.
- Josef Montag, 2013.
"Is Pro-Labor Law Pro-Women? Evidence from India,"
MENDELU Working Papers in Business and Economics
2013-40, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics.
- Josef Montag, 2013. "Is Pro-Labor Law Pro-Women? Evidence from India," CERGE-EI Working Papers wp488, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague.
- Radhicka Kapoor & P P Krishnapriya, 2019. "Explaining the contractualisation of India's workforce," Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) Working Paper 369, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), New Delhi, India.
- Bhaskar Jyoti Neog & Bimal Kishore Sahoo, 2020. "Job Reallocation Dynamics in India: Evidence from Large Manufacturing Plants," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 82(4), pages 934-959, August.
- Prema-chandra Athukorala & C. Veeramani, 2017.
"Internationalization of Indian Enterprises: Patterns, Determinants, and Policy Issues,"
Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, vol. 16(1), pages 142-166, Winter/Sp.
- Prema-chandra Athukorala & C. Veeramani, 2016. "Internationalization of Indian enterprises: patterns, determinants and policy issues," Departmental Working Papers 2016-04, The Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics.
- Sarkar, Prabirjit, 2011. "Indian Labour Regulation and Its Impact on Unemployment: A Leximetric Study, 1970-2006," MPRA Paper 32929, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Sean Dougherty & Verónica C. Frisancho Robles & Kala Krishna, 2011.
"Employment Protection Legislation and Plant-Level Productivity in India,"
NBER Working Papers
17693, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sean Dougherty & Verónica Frisancho Robles & Kala Krishna, 2011. "Employment Protection Legislation and Plant-Level Productivity in India," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 917, OECD Publishing.
- Gupta, Poonam & Hasan, Rana & Kumar, Utsav, 2009. "Big Reforms but Small Payoffs: Explaining the Weak Record of Growth and Employment in Indian Manufacturing," MPRA Paper 13496, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rana Hasan & Karl Robert L. Jandoc, 2012. "Labor Regulations and the Firm Size Distribution in Indian Manufacturing," Working Papers 1118, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, revised Jan 2012.
- Sofi Irfan Ahmad & Khan Mohd Imran & Kunroo Mohd Hussain & Khachoo Abdul Qayoom, 2016. "Labour Market Regulations and In-formalisation of Migrant Worker: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Sector," Asian Journal of Law and Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 7(2), pages 169-195, August.
- K L Krishna & Suresh Aggarwal & Abdul A Erumban & Deb Kusum Das, 2016. "Structural Changes in Employment in India, 1980-2011," Working papers 262, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics.
- Shanthi Nataraj & Francisco Perez-Arce & Krishna B. Kumar & Sinduja V. Srinivasan, 2014. "The Impact Of Labor Market Regulation On Employment In Low-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(3), pages 551-572, July.
- Amrit Amirapu & Michael Gechter, 2020. "Labor Regulations and the Cost of Corruption: Evidence from the Indian Firm Size Distribution," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 102(1), pages 34-48, March.
- Matthew Embrey & Guillaume R. Frechette & Sevgi Yuksel, 2016. "Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma," Working Paper Series 8616, Department of Economics, University of Sussex.
- Pradip Kumar Biswas & Saurabh Bandyopadhyay, 2021. "Labour Market Institutions, Industry Structure and Productivity in Indian Manufacturing Sector," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 64(4), pages 999-1021, December.
- Veeramani, Choorikkad & Banerjee, Purna, 2022. "Exchange rate fluctuations, labour laws, and gender differences in job flows: Analysis of manufacturing industries across Indian states," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
- Abhinav Narayanan & Emon Nandi, 2017. "Do Skilled Workers Have Decent Jobs?," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 11(1), pages 124-132, April.
- Chaurey, Ritam, 2015. "Labor regulations and contract labor use: Evidence from Indian firms," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 224-232.
- Swapan Chakraborty, 2021. "Labour Market Regulation and Manufacturing Employment: A Study of Organized Manufacturing Sector Across Indian States," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 64(1), pages 1-22, March.
- Sean M. Dougherty, 2009.
"Labour Regulation and Employment Dynamics at the State Level in India,"
Review of Market Integration, India Development Foundation, vol. 1(3), pages 295-337, December.
- Sean Dougherty, 2008. "Labour Regulation and Employment Dynamics at the State Level in India," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 624, OECD Publishing.
- Djankov, Simeon & Ramalho, Rita, 2009.
"Employment laws in developing countries,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 3-13, March.
- Djankov, Simeon & Ramalho, Rita, 2008. "Employment Laws in Developing Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers 7097, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Gopal Krishna Roy & Amaresh Dubey & Suresh Ramaiah, 2020. "Labour Market Flexibility and Changes in Employment: Spatial and Temporal Evidence from Indian Manufacturing," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 63(1), pages 81-98, March.
- Yana van der Meulen Rodgers & Nidhiya Menon, 2013. "Labor Regulations and Job Quality: Evidence from India," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 66(4), pages 933-957, July.
- Gopal Krishna Roy & Amaresh Dubey, 2022. "A Note on Industrial Relations Code, 2020," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 65(2), pages 533-543, June.
- Saibal Ghosh, 2022. "Firm Performance and Productivity: Is Labour an Obstacle?," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 65(3), pages 709-728, September.
- Meghana Ayyagari & Asli Demirguc-Kunt & Vojislav Maksimovic, 2017.
"What Determines Entrepreneurial Outcomes in Emerging Markets? The Role of Initial Conditions,"
The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(7), pages 2478-2522.
- Ayyagari,Meghana & Demirguc-Kunt,Asli & Maksimovic,Vojislav, 2015. "What determines entrepreneurial outcomes in emerging markets ? the role of initial conditions," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7207, The World Bank.
- Sonja Fagernäs, 2010. "Labor Law, Judicial Efficiency, and Informal Employment in India," Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(2), pages 282-321, June.
- Ashok Kotwal & Bharat Ramaswami & Wilima Wadhwa, 2011.
"Economic Liberalization and Indian Economic Growth: What's the Evidence?,"
Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 49(4), pages 1152-1199, December.
- Ashkok Kotwal & Bharat Ramaswami & Wilima Wadhwa, 2011. "Economic liberalization and Indian economic growth: What's the evidence?," Discussion Papers 11-13, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi.
- Ayyagari, Meghana & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Maksimovic, Vojislav, 2014. "Does local financial development matter for firm lifecycle in India ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7008, The World Bank.
- K. R. Shyam Sundar, 2017. "A different reforms agenda: Reform of trade unions!," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 60(2), pages 233-252, June.
- J.Salcedo Cain & Rana Hasan & Devashish Mitra, 2010. "Trade Liberalization and Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from Indian States," Working Papers 3333, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, revised Nov 2010.
- Elisa Barbieri & Manli Huang & Shenglei Pi & Mattia Tassinari, 2017. "Restructuring the Production of Medicines: An Investigation on the Pharmaceutical Sector in China and the Role of Mergers and Acquisitions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, October.
- Anirban Karak & Deepankar Basu, 2017. "Profitability or Industrial Relations : What Explains Manufacturing Performance Across Indian States?," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2017-01, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
- C. Veeramani, 2019. "Fragmentation Trade and Vertical Specialisation: How Does South Asia Compare with China," Journal of Asian Economic Integration, , vol. 1(1), pages 97-128, April.
- Abiodun O. Folawewo, 2016. "Institutions, regulatory framework and labour market outcomes in Nigeria," Journal of Social and Economic Development, Springer;Institute for Social and Economic Change, vol. 18(1), pages 67-84, October.
- M Parameswaran, 2021. "Trade Openness and Labour Market Unrest: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Industry," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 19(2), pages 345-373, June.
- Dezy Kumari & Veena Naregal, 2021. "Revisiting Reports of the First National Labour Commission & the Second National Labour Commission: Labour Policy Analysis," IEG Working Papers 423, Institute of Economic Growth.
- Petia Topalova, 2008. "India: Is the Rising Tide Lifting All Boats?," IMF Working Papers 2008/054, International Monetary Fund.
- Achyuta Adhvaryu & A. V. Chari & Siddharth Sharma, 2013.
"Firing Costs and Flexibility: Evidence from Firms' Employment Responses to Shocks in India,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 95(3), pages 725-740, July.
- Achyuta Adhvaryu & Amalavoyal V. Chari & Siddharth Sharma, 2011. "Firing Costs and Flexibility Evidence from Firms' Employment Responses to Shocks in India," Working Papers WR-901, RAND Corporation.
- Nihar Shembavnekar, 2015. "Tariff Liberalisation, Labour Market Flexibility and Employment: Evidence from India," Working Paper Series 8115, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
- Richard B. Freeman, 2009. "Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries: Market distortions or Efficient Institutions?," NBER Working Papers 14789, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Rashmi Venkatesan, 2019. "The UN Framework on Business and Human Rights: A Workers’ Rights Critique," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 157(3), pages 635-652, July.
- Asha Sundaram & Reshad Ahsan & Devashish Mitra, 2012. "Complementarity between Formal and Informal Manufacturing in India: The Role of Policies and Institutions," Working Papers 1116, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, revised Apr 2012.
- Radhicka Kapoor & P. P. Krishnapriya, 2019. "Explaining the contractualisation of India’s workforce," Working Papers id:12998, eSocialSciences.
- Sarkar, Prabirjit, 2011. "Does employment protection lead to unemployment? A panel data analysis of OECD countries, 1990-2008," MPRA Paper 35547, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Shyam Sundar, 2016. "Labour Law and Governance Reforms in India: A Partial and Misguided View of Employment Relations," Working Papers id:11065, eSocialSciences.
- Hasan, Rana & Mitra, Devashish & Sundaram, Asha, 2013. "The Determinants of Capital Intensity in Manufacturing: The Role of Factor Market Imperfections," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 91-103.
- Parsons, Donald O., 2011. "Mandated Severance Pay and Firing Cost Distortions: A Critical Review of the Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers 5776, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- T.S. Papola & Nitu Maurya & Narendra Jena, 2015. "Inter-Regional Disparities in Industrial Growth and Structure," Working Papers id:6607, eSocialSciences.
- Nihar Shembavnekar, 2019. "Economic Reforms, Labour Markets and Formal Sector Employment: Evidence from India," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-42, April.
- Bhaskar Dasgupta, 2023. "Towards a Comprehensive Index of Labour Law Reform and Ranking of States," Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice, , vol. 22(2), pages 181-205, December.
- Hasan, Rana & Mehta, Aashish & Sundaram, Asha, 2021. "The effects of labor regulation on firms and exports: Evidence from Indian apparel manufacturing," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 183-200.
- repec:ilo:ilowps:484346 is not listed on IDEAS
- Anirban Karak & Deepankar Basu, 2020. "Profitability or Industrial Relations: What Explains Manufacturing Performance across Indian States?," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 51(3), pages 817-842, May.
- Utsav Kumar & Arvind Subramanian, 2011. "India's Growth in the 2000s: Four Facts," Working Paper Series WP11-17, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
- Aditya Bhattacharjea, 2019. "Labour Market Flexibility in Indian Industry A Critical Survey of the Literature," Working papers 296, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics.
- Irfan Ahmad Sofi & Pritee Sharma, 2015. "Labour Regulations, Contractualization and Industrial Performance," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 16(1), pages 122-144, March.
- Kapoor Radhicka & Krishnapriya P. P., 2023. "Informalization of the formal sector: Evidence from India's manufacturing industries," IZA Journal of Development and Migration, Sciendo & Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.
- World Bank, 2012. "World Development Report 2013 [Rapport sur le développement dans le monde 2013]," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11843.
- Prateek Kukreja & Seema Bathla, 2018. "Labour Regulations and Informalisation in India’s Organised Manufacturing: A Case of Textile and Clothing," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 61(3), pages 473-492, September.
- Chaurey,Ritam & Manghnani,Ruchita & Perego,Viviana Maria Eugenia & Sharma,Siddharth, 2022. "Firm-Level Input Distortion in Indian States," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10048, The World Bank.
- Nihar Shembavnekar, 2018. "Did India’s economic reforms generate jobs? Essays on economic liberalisation, labour market flexibility and employment in the Indian manufacturing sector (1990-2006)," Economics PhD Theses 0917, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
- Sofi Irfan Ahmad & Sharma Pritee, 2015. "Labour Laws and Informalisation of Employment: Panel Evidences from Indian Formal Manufacturing Sector," Asian Journal of Law and Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 65-84, April.
- Ahsan, Ahmad & Pagés, Carmen, 2009.
"Are all labor regulations equal? Evidence from Indian manufacturing,"
Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 62-75, March.
- Ahsan, Ahmad & Pagés, Carmen, 2008. "Are All Labor Regulations Equal? Evidence from Indian Manufacturing," IZA Discussion Papers 3394, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Purna Banerjee & C. Veeramani, 2019. "Export competitiveness, labour laws, and gender differences in job dynamics: Analysis of manufacturing industries across Indian States," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2019-035, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- C. Veeramani & Prachi Gupta, 2014.
"Extensive and Intensive Margins of India's Exports: Comparison with China,"
Working Papers
id:5808, eSocialSciences.
- C. Veeramani & Prachi Gupta, 2014. "Extensive and intensive margins of India's exports: Comparison with China," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2014-011, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
- Bujunoori, Raja Reddy & Mannil, Nithin & Tantri, Prasanna, 2024. "Does labor composition impact the transmission of monetary policy to output?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
- Servaas Storm, 2019. "Labor Laws and Manufacturing Performance in India: How Priors Trump Evidence and Progress Gets Stalled," Working Papers Series 90, Institute for New Economic Thinking.
- Choutagunta Abishek S., 2019. "Effects of Labour Regulation on Manufacturing Firms in India: A Leximetric Approach," Asian Journal of Law and Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-15, April.
- Radhicka Kapoor, 2014. "Creating Jobs in India’s Organised Manufacturing Sector," Working Papers id:6208, eSocialSciences.
- Chris Nyland & Charmine E.J. Härtel & Thin Vu & Cherrie Jiuhua Zhu, 2015. "Hospital Numerical Flexibility and Nurse Economic Security in China and India," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 53(1), pages 136-158, March.
- David KUCERA & Leanne RONCOLATO, 2008. "Informal employment: Two contested policy issues," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 147(4), pages 321-348, December.
- Nitin Gupta, 2011. "The Differential Effects of Financial Development on India's Industrial Performance," ASARC Working Papers 2011-12, The Australian National University, Australia South Asia Research Centre.
- Dhamija, Nidhi, 2019. "Trade Liberalization and Unemployment in India: A State Level Analysis," MPRA Paper 95001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Bishwanath Goldar, 2010. "Informalization of Industrial Labour in India: Are labour market rigidities and growing import competition to blame?," Working Papers id:3125, eSocialSciences.
- Chetan Ghate & Gerhard Glomm & Jialu Liu, 2012. "Sectoral infrastructure investment in an unbalanced growing economy: The Case of India," Discussion Papers 12-07, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi.
- Nihar Shembavnekar, 2019. "Economic Reform, Labour Markets and Informal Sector Employment: Evidence from India," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-42, June.
- Chakraborty, Pavel & Mitra, Devashish & Sundaram, Asha, 2024. "Import competition, labor market regulations, and firm outsourcing," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
- Irfan Ahmad SOFI & Mohd Hussain KUNROO, 2018. "Demand shocks and employment adjustments: Does employment protection legislation create rigidity?," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 157(3), pages 461-480, September.