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Towards Understanding Outbound GCC International Tourism: The Role of Expatriates and Institutional Quality

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Listed:
  • Balli, Faruk
  • Ghassan, Hassan
  • Al-Jeefri, Hisham

Abstract

This paper employs the gravity model using panel data analysis techniques to explain the dynamics of tourism outflows from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The results show that, among other known variables, immigrants living in the GCC region have rendered a positive advertising impact on outbound tourism destination decisions in GCC citizens. Apart from the immigrant effect, institutional quality in the destination country is a key determinant of outbound GCC tourism.

Suggested Citation

  • Balli, Faruk & Ghassan, Hassan & Al-Jeefri, Hisham, 2016. "Towards Understanding Outbound GCC International Tourism: The Role of Expatriates and Institutional Quality," MPRA Paper 101972, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Jul 2017.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:101972
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Choi, In, 2001. "Unit root tests for panel data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 249-272, April.
    2. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice O. & Jean Louis, Rosmy, 2016. "The impacts of immigrants and institutions on bilateral tourism flows," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 221-229.
    3. Isabel Cortés-Jiménez & Ramesh Durbarry & Manuela Pulina, 2009. "Estimation of Outbound Italian Tourism Demand: A Monthly Dynamic EC-LAIDS Model," Tourism Economics, , vol. 15(3), pages 547-565, September.
    4. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Cebeci, Kemal, 2013. "Impacts of exported Turkish soap operas and visa-free entry on inbound tourism to Turkey," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 186-192.
    5. Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Bilateral international tourism demand; gravity equation; immigrants; institutional quality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F24 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Remittances
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • L83 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism

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