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The Dynamics of Social Assistance Benefit Receipt in Germany: State Dependence Before and After the Hartz Reforms

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  • Sebastian Königs

    (OECD)

Abstract

In this paper, we study the dynamics of social assistance benefit receipt in Germany using annual survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1995-2011. Rates of benefit receipt were stable in Germany at around 8% in the 1990s but started rising in 2001 to peak at over 12% in 2006. We show that this increase in the receipt rate can be attributed to lower exit rates from benefit receipt since 2001. In the econometric part of the paper, we study state dependence in social assistance benefit receipt, i.e. the question to what extent benefit receipt today predicts the probability of future benefit receipt. We estimate a series of dynamic random-effects probit models that control for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of the initial conditions and indeed find considerable evidence of state dependence. Our estimates suggest that benefit receipt one year ago raises the likelihood of benefit receipt today by a factor of 3, which corresponds to an average partial effect of about 14 percentage points. The level of state dependence differs between subsamples and is larger in absolute terms for women, Eastern German residents, and migrants, for whom receipt rates are higher. Studying variations over time, we find a rise in the level of state dependence after the 2005 Hartz reforms in Eastern Germany. We attribute this effect to a drop in average predicted entry rates into benefit receipt without a corresponding fall in predicted benefit persistence rates. We do not identify any comparable change in structural dependence for Germany as a whole or other subsamples we look at. Since a reform that contributes to keeping individuals off benefits while doing little to raise exit rates would increase state dependence but might nonetheless be considered as beneficial, our findings should not be understood as a verdict on the success or failure of the Hartz reforms. Cet article étudie la dynamique des prestations d’assistance sociale reçues en Allemagne, sur la période 1995-2011, à partir des données annuelles du Panel socio-économique allemand (SOEP). Dans les années 90, le taux des prestations d’assistance sociale en Allemagne est resté stable autour de 8 % puis a commencé à augmenter à partir de 2001 pour dépasser 12% en 2006. Cette augmentation s’explique principalement par des taux de sortie plus faible du système de prestations à partir de 2001. La partie de l’article consacrée à l’analyse économétrique étudie la probabilité qu’une personne bénéficie dans l’avenir de prestations en fonction de recevoir des prestations aujourd’hui. Une série de modèles probit dynamique à effets aléatoires est utilisée en contrôlant l'hétérogénéité non observée et l'endogénéité des conditions initiales. Les résultats étayent l’hypothèse d’une dépendance entre les états . Les estimations suggèrent que le fait d’avoir reçu une prestation sociale un an auparavant augmente par un facteur de 3 la probabilité de bénéficier d’une prestation un an après, ce qui correspond en moyenne à un effet partiel de 14 points de pourcentage. Le niveau de dépendance varie selon les différents sous-échantillons : en termes absolus, la dépendance est plus importante chez les femmes, les résidents de l’Allemagne de l’Est et les immigrants, pour lesquels le taux de réception des prestations est plus élevé. L’analyse temporelle des variations de la dépendance entre les états montre une augmentation de celle-ci en Allemagne de l’Est après les réformes Hartz de 2005. Ce phénomène peut être attribué à une diminution du taux d’entrée prédit par le modèle, sans qu’elle s’accompagne d’une diminution des taux attendus de persistance des prestations. On ne trouve aucun changement comparable de la structure de la dépendance pour l’ensemble de l’Allemagne ou d’autres sous-échantillons. En principe, toute réforme qui rend moins probable la réception de prestations sociales tout en ne favorisant pas la sortie du système fait augmenter le taux de dépendance mais pourrait cependant être considérée comme bénéfique. Dans ce sens, nos résultats ne sont pas à interpréter comme un jugement positif ou négatif sur les réformes Hartz.

Suggested Citation

  • Sebastian Königs, 2013. "The Dynamics of Social Assistance Benefit Receipt in Germany: State Dependence Before and After the Hartz Reforms," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 136, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:136-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3xwtg6zknq-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Kerstin Bruckmeier & Katrin Hohmeyer & Stefan Schwarz, 2018. "Welfare receipt misreporting in survey data and its consequences for state dependence estimates: new insights from linked administrative and survey data," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 52(1), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Alexander Spermann, 2015. "How to fight long-term unemployment: lessons from Germany," IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 4(1), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Coban, Mustafa, 2017. "Wage mobility, wage inequality, and tasks: Empirical evidence from Germany, 1984-2014," Discussion Paper Series 139, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Chair of Economic Order and Social Policy.
    4. Olga Grigoriev & Gabriele Doblhammer, 2022. "Does the Mortality of Individuals with Severe Disabilities Contribute to the Persistent East–West Mortality Gap Among German Men?," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 38(2), pages 247-271, May.
    5. Bruckmeier, Kerstin & Hohmeyer, Katrin & Schwarz, Stefan, 2018. "Welfare receipt misreporting in survey data and its consequences for state dependence estimates: new insights from linked administrative and survey data," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 52(1), pages 1-16.
    6. Regina T. Riphahn & Christoph Wunder, 2016. "State dependence in welfare receipt: transitions before and after a reform," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 1303-1329, June.
    7. H. Xavier Jara & Katrin Gasior & Mattia Makovec, 2020. "Work Incentives at the Extensive and Intensive Margin in Europe: The Role of Taxes, Benefits and Population Characteristics," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 152(2), pages 705-778, November.
    8. Bruckmeier, Kerstin & Hohmeyer, Katrin & Schwarz, Stefan, 2018. "Welfare receipt misreporting in survey data and its consequences for state dependence estimates: new insights from linked administrative and survey data," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 52(1), pages .16(1-21).
    9. Spermann, Alexander, 2014. "Zehn Jahre Hartz IV – Was hilft Langzeitarbeitslosen wirklich?," IZA Standpunkte 76, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. repec:iab:iabjlr:v:52:i:1:p:art.16 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Achatz, Juliane & Schels, Brigitte, 2020. "Übergang von der Schule ins Erwerbsleben: Ein Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezug muss nicht von Dauer sein (School-to-work transition: Basic income support is not necessarily permanent)," IAB-Kurzbericht 202014, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    12. Sinem H. Ayhan & Selin Pelek, 2020. "State Dependence in Welfare Benefits in a Non‐Welfare Context," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(3), pages 711-735, September.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • J60 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - General
    • J64 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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