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Ein Subsidiaritätstest – Die Errichtung gentechnikfreier Regionen in Österreich zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit

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  • Graber, Petra

Abstract

Die Biotechnologiepolitik der Europäischen Union ist vor allem geprägt von drei Charakteristika: sie ist multi-sektoral, ein typisches Beispiel für Risikoregulierung und wird im europäischen Mehrebenensystem gestaltet, wobei als zusätzliche Ebene noch die internationale tritt. Dies wirkt sich insbesondere auf die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der europäischen Regionen bzw. österreichischen Bundesländer aus, die zudem schon im Vorfeld durch die Bund-Länder-Beziehungen beeinflusst sind. Alle diese Charakteristika prägen die Biotechnologiepolitik seit ihren Anfängen. Mit der Definition eines neuen ordnungspolitischen Rahmens versuchte die EU schließlich, auf eine Legitimations- und Implementationskrise und den Widerstand etlicher Mitgliedstaaten zu reagieren, die sich insbesondere ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre in der großen Gentechnikkontroverse manifestierte und zu einer Blockade der gemeinschaftlichen Politik führte. Forderungen nach der Einrichtung gentechnikfreier Zonen waren schon seit dem Aufflammen dieser Kontroverse ein Thema nicht zuletzt der österreichischen Diskussion. Von Anfang an allerdings stellte sich für die Regionen in diesem Zusammenhang die Frage nach der Kompatibilität mit geltendem Bundes- und europäischem Recht. Trotz zahlreicher Absichtserklärungen und Initiativen waren es erst die Novelle der Freisetzungsrichtlinie bzw. die EU-Empfehlungen zur Koexistenz landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen, die – zumindest vordergründig – neuen Handlungsspielraum eröffneten. Am besonderen Beispiel der Kärntner, oberösterreichischen und Salzburger Landesgesetzesinitiativen wird gezeigt, wie sich die nach wie vor bestehenden Limitationen auf die Errichtung von gentechnikfreien Zonen ausgewirkt haben und wie sich dabei ein Wandel von Verboten zu Vorsorgegesetzen vollzog. Diese wie auch andere europäische Beispiele lassen Rückschlüsse auf die Gentechnikpolitik im europäischen Mehrebenensystem zu, die mehr denn je als klassische Regulierungspolitik gelten kann.

Suggested Citation

  • Graber, Petra, 2006. "Ein Subsidiaritätstest – Die Errichtung gentechnikfreier Regionen in Österreich zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit," ITA manu:scripts 05_02, Institute of Technology Assessment (ITA).
  • Handle: RePEc:ita:itaman:05_02
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