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Gender Composition and Wages: Why Is Canada Different from the United States?

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  • Michael Baker
  • Nicole Fortin

Abstract

The correlation of occupational gender composition and wages is the basis of pay equity/comparable worth legislation. A number of previous studies have examined this correlation in US data, identifying some of the determinants of low wages in female jobs, as well as important limitations of public policy in this area. There is little evidence, however, from other jurisdictions. This omission is particularly disturbing in the case of Canada, which now has some of the most extensive pay equity legislation in the world. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive picture, circa the late 1980's, of the occupational gender segregation in Canada and its consequences for wages. We also draw explicit comparisons of our findings to evidence for the United States. We find that the link between female wages and gender composition is much stronger in the United States than in Canada, where it is generally small and not statistically significant. The relatively more advantageous position of women in female jobs in Canada is found to be linked to higher unionization rates and the industry-wage effects of public goods sectors. La corrélation négative entre le taux de féminité des occupations et les salaires horaires sert de fondement aux politiques d'équité salariale basées sur le principe du salaire égal pour un travail de valeur comparable. La plupart des études antérieures ont évalué cette corrélation à l'aide de données américaines. Ces études ont cherché à identifier les facteurs qui expliquent les bas taux de salaires des occupations féminines, de même que les facteurs pouvant réduire l'efficacité des politiques publiques dans ce domaine. Cependant, il y a peu de recherches empiriques provenant d'autres juridictions. Cette omission est particulièrement troublante dans le cas du Canada, où l'application des lois d'équité salariale est parmi les plus vastes au monde. Dans cet article, nous cherchons d'abord à combler cette omission en donnant une image complète de la ségrégation occupationnelle basée sur le sexe au Canada et de ses conséquences sur les salaires horaires à la fin des années 80. Nous faisons aussi des comparaisons précises avec la situation qui prévaut aux États-Unis. Nos résultats indiquent que la corrélation entre le taux de féminité des occupations et les salaires des femmes est beaucoup plus forte aux États-Unis qu'au Canada, où elle est généralement faible et n'est pas statistiquement significative. La position relativement plus favorable des femmes qui occupent des emplois féminins au Canada est reliée à leur taux de syndicalisation plus élevé de même qu'aux effets fixes industrie-salaires plus élevés des secteurs qui fournissent des biens publics.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Baker & Nicole Fortin, 1998. "Gender Composition and Wages: Why Is Canada Different from the United States?," CIRANO Working Papers 98s-34, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:98s-34
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/98s-34.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. DiNardo, John & Fortin, Nicole M & Lemieux, Thomas, 1996. "Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(5), pages 1001-1044, September.
    2. William J. Carrington & Kenneth R. Troske, 1995. "Gender Segregation in Small Firms," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 30(3), pages 503-533.
    3. W. Craig Riddell, 1993. "Unionization in Canada and the United States: A Tale of Two Countries," NBER Chapters, in: Small Differences That Matter: Labor Markets and Income Maintenance in Canada and the United States, pages 109-148, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Kevin Reilly & Tony Wirjanto, 1999. "Does More Mean Less? The Male/Female Wage Gap and the Proportion of Females at the Establishment Level," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 32(4), pages 906-929, August.
    5. Denise J. Doiron & W. Craig Riddell, 1994. "The Impact of Unionization on Male-Female Earnings Differences in Canada," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 29(2), pages 504-534.
    6. Macpherson, David A & Hirsch, Barry T, 1995. "Wages and Gender Composition: Why Do Women's Jobs Pay Less?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 13(3), pages 426-471, July.
    7. Juhn, Chinhui & Murphy, Kevin M & Pierce, Brooks, 1993. "Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 101(3), pages 410-442, June.
    8. Mark R. Killingsworth, 1990. "The Economics of Comparable Worth," Books from Upjohn Press, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, number ecw, December.
    9. Moulton, Brent R., 1986. "Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 385-397, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nicole M. Fortin & Michael Baker, 1999. "Women's Wages in Women's Work: A U.S./Canada Comparison of the Roles of Unions and "Public Goods" Sector Jobs," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(2), pages 198-203, May.
    2. Michael Baker & Nicole Fortin, 2000. "Comparable Worth Comes to the Private Sector: The Case of Ontario," Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers 0266, Econometric Society.
    3. Raphael, Dennis & Bryant, Toba, 2004. "The welfare state as a determinant of women's health: support for women's quality of life in Canada and four comparison nations," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 63-79, April.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Pay equity; comparable worth; discrimination; gender composition; occupational segregation; unions; cross-country comparison; Équité salariale; salaire égal pour travail de valeur comparable; discrimination; taux de féminité; ségrégation occupationnelle; syndicat; comparaisons internationales;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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