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Exposure Factors for Wastewater‐Irrigated Asian Vegetables and a Probabilistic Rotavirus Disease Burden Model for Their Consumption

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  • Hoi‐Fei Mok
  • Andrew J. Hamilton

Abstract

Many farmers in water‐scarce regions of developing countries use wastewater to irrigate vegetables and other agricultural crops, a practice that may expand with climate change. There are a number of health risks associated with wastewater irrigation for human food crops, particularly with surface irrigation techniques common in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine if the irrigation scheme meets health standards. However, only a few vegetables have been studied for wastewater risk and little information is known about the disease burden of wastewater‐irrigated vegetable consumption in China. To bridge this knowledge gap, an experiment was conducted to determine volume of water left on Asian vegetables and lettuce after irrigation. One hundred samples each of Chinese chard (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were harvested after overhead sprinkler irrigation. Chinese broccoli and flowering cabbage were found to capture the most water and lettuce the least. QMRAs were then constructed to estimate rotavirus disease burden from consumption of wastewater‐irrigated Asian vegetables in Beijing. Results indicate that estimated risks from these reuse scenarios exceed WHO guideline thresholds for acceptable disease burden for wastewater use, signifying that reduction of pathogen concentration or stricter risk management is necessary for safe reuse. Considering the widespread practice of wastewater irrigation for food production, particularly in developing countries, incorporation of water retention factors in QMRAs can reduce uncertainty regarding health risks for consumers worldwide.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoi‐Fei Mok & Andrew J. Hamilton, 2014. "Exposure Factors for Wastewater‐Irrigated Asian Vegetables and a Probabilistic Rotavirus Disease Burden Model for Their Consumption," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(4), pages 602-613, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:34:y:2014:i:4:p:602-613
    DOI: 10.1111/risa.12178
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Toze, Simon, 2006. "Reuse of effluent water--benefits and risks," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 80(1-3), pages 147-159, February.
    2. Ayuso-Gabella, Neus & Page, Declan & Masciopinto, Costantino & Aharoni, Avi & Salgot, Miquel & Wintgens, Thomas, 2011. "Quantifying the effect of Managed Aquifer Recharge on the microbiological human health risks of irrigating crops with recycled water," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 93-102.
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    Cited by:

    1. Miyu Fuzawa & Rebecca Lee Smith & Kang‐Mo Ku & Joanna L. Shisler & Hao Feng & John A. Juvik & Thanh H. Nguyen, 2020. "Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus‐Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessme," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(4), pages 741-757, April.
    2. Laura X. Henao‐Herreño & Ana M. López‐Tamayo & Juan P. Ramos‐Bonilla & Charles N. Haas & Johana Husserl, 2017. "Risk of Illness with Salmonella due to Consumption of Raw Unwashed Vegetables Irrigated with Water from the Bogotá River," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(4), pages 733-743, April.
    3. Sana Khalid & Muhammad Shahid & Natasha & Irshad Bibi & Tania Sarwar & Ali Haidar Shah & Nabeel Khan Niazi, 2018. "A Review of Environmental Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Wastewater Use for Crop Irrigation with a Focus on Low and High-Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-36, May.

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