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Regulating human control over autonomous systems

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  • Mikolaj Firlej
  • Araz Taeihagh

Abstract

In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans should execute a certain significant level of judgment over AS. While in the military sector there is a fear that AS could mean that humans lose control over life and death decisions, in the transportation domain, on the contrary, there is a strongly held view that autonomy could bring significant operational benefits by removing the need for a human driver. This article explores the notion of human control in the United States in the two domains of defense and transportation. The operationalization of emerging policies of human control results in the typology of direct and indirect human controls exercised over the use of AS. The typology helps to steer the debate away from the linguistic complexities of the term “autonomy.” It identifies instead where human factors are undergoing important changes and ultimately informs about more detailed rules and standards formulation, which differ across domains, applications, and sectors.

Suggested Citation

  • Mikolaj Firlej & Araz Taeihagh, 2021. "Regulating human control over autonomous systems," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(4), pages 1071-1091, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:reggov:v:15:y:2021:i:4:p:1071-1091
    DOI: 10.1111/rego.12344
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hazel Si Min Lim & Araz Taeihagh, 2018. "Autonomous Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Cities: An In-Depth Exploration of Privacy and Cybersecurity Implications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Araz Taeihagh & Hazel Si Min Lim, 2019. "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(1), pages 103-128, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Araz Taeihagh, 2021. "Governance of artificial intelligence [Application of artificial intelligence for development of intelligent transport system in smart cities]," Policy and Society, Darryl S. Jarvis and M. Ramesh, vol. 40(2), pages 137-157.
    2. Huang, Lei & Ladikas, Miltos & Schippl, Jens & He, Guangxi & Hahn, Julia, 2023. "Knowledge mapping of an artificial intelligence application scenario: A bibliometric analysis of the basic research of data-driven autonomous vehicles," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

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