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Collaborating with Competitors: How Do Small Firm Accounting Associations and Networks Successfully Manage Coopetitive Tensions?

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  • Kenneth L. Bills
  • Christie Hayne
  • Sarah E. Stein
  • Richard C. Hatfield

Abstract

The “coopetition” paradox exists when two or more organizations are simultaneously involved in cooperative and competitive interactions. In the accounting industry, small firms encounter coopetition when they align themselves with other independent firms to form accounting associations and networks (AANs). AANs are a type of interorganizational relationship (IOR) that provide opportunities for member firms to collaborate by sharing important resources such as expertise, best practices, and manpower. However, member firms also compete in the marketplace for clients and human capital, which incentivizes uncooperative and opportunistic behavior. If managed inadequately, coopetitive tensions can significantly hamper AAN benefits and may lead to IOR failure. Given the considerable longevity of AANs, we interview 42 high‐level accounting professionals to understand AANs' apparent successful management of these tensions. Leveraging coopetition and IOR theory, our analysis suggests that transactional mechanisms (contractual agreements, organizational structure, selection/monitoring processes) and relational mechanisms (trust, social ties, reciprocity) play key roles in encouraging healthy cooperation and competition among member firms. One of our main conclusions is that these mechanisms contribute to AAN success because they are leveraged comprehensively across each IOR life cycle phase, and they are mutually reinforcing, with transactional mechanisms providing the foundation to inspire confidence and encourage the development of relational mechanisms. Our research enriches existing accounting and coopetition literature, provides a new perspective for AANs, and responds to calls to understand key factors of IOR success. Collaborer avec des concurrents : Comment les associations et réseaux de petits cabinets comptables gèrent‐ils efficacement les tensions coopétitives? Le paradoxe de la « coopétition » se manifeste lorsque deux ou trois organisations ont simultanément des interactions coopératives et concurrentielles. Dans le secteur de la comptabilité, les petits cabinets se retrouvent en situation de coopétition lorsqu'ils s'entendent avec d'autres cabinets indépendants pour former des associations et réseaux comptables (ARC). Les ARC constituent un type de relation interorganisationnelle (RI) qui offrent à leurs membres des occasions de collaborer en partageant des ressources importantes comme le savoir‐faire, les pratiques exemplaires et la main‐d’œuvre. Toutefois, les cabinets membres sont aussi en concurrence sur le marché pour recruter des clients et du capital humain, ce qui incite à des comportements non coopératifs et opportunistes. Si elles ne sont pas gérées adéquatement, les tensions coopétitives peuvent neutraliser les avantages des ARC et même entraîner l’échec des RI. Compte tenu de la longévité considérable des ARC, nous interrogeons 42 professionnels comptables de haut niveau pour comprendre la gestion apparemment efficace de ces tensions par les ARC. S'appuyant sur la théorie de la coopétition et des RI, notre analyse donne à penser que des mécanismes transactionnels (ententes contractuelles, structure organisationnelle, processus de sélection et de surveillance) et des mécanismes relationnels (confiance, liens sociaux, réciprocité) jouent un rôle clé pour favoriser une coopération et une compétition saines entre les cabinets membres. Nous concluons notamment que ces mécanismes contribuent aux succès des ARC parce qu'ils sont pleinement mis à profit à chaque stade du cycle de vie des RI, et qu'ils se renforcent mutuellement, les mécanismes transactionnels jetant les bases nécessaires pour inspirer confiance et encourager le développement des mécanismes relationnels. Notre recherche enrichit la littérature sur la comptabilité et la coopétition, fournit une nouvelle perspective concernant les ARC et permet de mieux comprendre les facteurs clés à l’œuvre dans le succès des RI.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenneth L. Bills & Christie Hayne & Sarah E. Stein & Richard C. Hatfield, 2021. "Collaborating with Competitors: How Do Small Firm Accounting Associations and Networks Successfully Manage Coopetitive Tensions?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 545-585, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:545-585
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12625
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