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Building the Legitimacy of Whistleblowers: A Multi‐Case Discourse Analysis

Author

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  • Hervé Stolowy
  • Yves Gendron
  • Jodie Moll
  • Luc Paugam

Abstract

Evidence suggests that society still does not view whistleblowers as wholly legitimate—despite legal protections now offered in some jurisdictions, such as the United States. Drawing on a discourse analysis (i.e., an examination of statements), we investigate the well‐publicized stories of seven whistleblowers from 69 sources, including books, first‐ and second‐hand interviews, websites, and videos. Our focus is to examine how whistleblower discourses can build legitimacy by more tightly defining the whistleblower role and demonstrating its alignment with social norms. Using whistleblower self‐narratives, we identify four narrative patterns: (i) Trigger(s)—the event(s) leading to whistleblowing; (ii) Personality traits—whistleblower's morality, resourcefulness, and determination; (iii) Constraints—barriers requiring regulatory and organizational change; and (iv) Consequences—the longer term positive impact of the whistleblowing act. These patterns rely on symbolic, analogical, and metaphorical framing to allow others to better understand the role of whistleblowers and enlist their support. Exploring a data set of 1,621 press articles, we find indications that these narrative patterns resonate in the media—which provide a form of support and may be instrumental in legitimizing the whistleblower role. Grounded on these results, we develop a legitimacy construction model of the whistleblower role, that is, a representation of how role legitimacy is produced and sustained. From this model, we identify a number of important areas for future research. Construction de la légitimité des lanceurs d'alerte : une analyse de discours multi‐cas De nombreuses situations dans le domaine du public donnent à penser qu'il existe un scepticisme important à l'égard de la légitimité des lanceurs d'alerte — malgré la protection juridique dont ils bénéficient maintenant dans certains pays, dont les États‐Unis. A l'aide d'une analyse de discours (c'est‐à‐dire une étude des énoncés), les auteurs examinent le cas de sept lanceurs d'alerte se rapportant à des situations particulièrement connues – telles que relatées dans soixante‐neuf sources, parmi lesquelles des livres, des entretiens réalisés et anciens, des sites Web et des vidéos. Ils s'intéressent plus particulièrement à la façon dont le discours des lanceurs d'alerte peut établir leur légitimité en définissant plus étroitement le rôle du lanceur d'alerte et en établissant sa conformité aux normes sociales. Les auteurs utilisent les propos des lanceurs d'alerte pour définir quatre caractérisations narratives: 1) l'élément ou les éléments déclencheurs : le ou les événements menant au lancement d'alerte; 2) les traits de personnalité : la moralité, la débrouillardise et la détermination du lanceur d'alerte; 3) les contraintes : les obstacles exigeant un changement réglementaire et organisationnel; et 4) les conséquences : l'incidence positive du lancement d'alerte à plus long terme. Ces caractérisations s'appuient sur une structure symbolique, analogique et métaphorique, ce qui peut amener le public à mieux comprendre le rôle des lanceurs d'alerte et à davantage les soutenir. L'analyse d'un ensemble de données tirées de 1 621 articles de presse indique que ces caractérisations narratives trouvent écho dans les médias — qui offrent aux lanceurs d'alerte une forme de soutien et peuvent être déterminants dans la légitimation de leur rôle. A partir de ces résultats, les auteurs construisent un modèle de légitimation du rôle du lanceur d'alerte, c'est‐à‐dire une représentation de la façon dont cette légitimité est établie et maintenue. En s'inspirant de ce modèle, ils proposent plusieurs pistes de recherche future.

Suggested Citation

  • Hervé Stolowy & Yves Gendron & Jodie Moll & Luc Paugam, 2019. "Building the Legitimacy of Whistleblowers: A Multi‐Case Discourse Analysis," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(1), pages 7-49, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:1:p:7-49
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12453
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    2. Stenka, Renata & Jaworska, Sylvia, 2019. "The use of made-up users," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    3. Stacchezzini, Riccardo & Masiero, Eleonora & Lai, Alessandro, 2023. "Histories as counter-accounting," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).

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