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Transfers in the gravity equation

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  • Hendrik W. Kruse
  • Inmaculada Martínez‐Zarzoso

Abstract

This study integrates development aid into a theoretically founded structural gravity model that considers primary and secondary effects of aid as an income transfer and as a bilateral trade cost determinant. We identify the parameters of our model using a two‐stage approach that includes a state‐of‐the‐art Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood gravity estimation for a sample of 132 countries over the period 1995 to 2012. The main findings indicate that bilateral aid only increases bilateral trade for countries that do not have a common language, a past colonial relationship or an RTA. On average, 1 USD of additional foreign aid from all donors increases recipients’ net imports by around 0.36 USD. Our comparative statics indicate that donors experience a reduction in real consumption due to aid and recipients an increase. We also analyze the effect on third countries. The modelling framework also applies to the study of other transfers such as remittances. Les transferts dans l’équation de gravité. Cette étude contribue à la littérature sur le lien entre l’aide au développement et le commerce international en intégrant l’aide dans un modèle structurel de gravité avec des fondations théorétiques. Nous pouvons alors mener une analyse plus compète des gains à l’échange découlant de l’aide. On identie les paramètres de notre modèle de manière empirique en utilisant une approche en deux étapes comprenant une estimation de gravité avec la dernière version du pseudo maximum de vraisemblance de Poisson pour un échantillon de 132 pays et la période 1995 à 2012. Nos résultats principaux suggèrent que l’aide bilatérale augmente le commerce entre le donneur et le bénéficiaire seulement en absence de langue commune, de relation coloniale passée ou d’accords bilatéraux et régionaux. En outre, un dollar supplémentaire d’aide de tous les donneurs augmente les importations nettes de 0,36 dollar. Notre statique comparative suggère que, malgré les effets sur les coûts commerciaux, les donneurs subissent une réduction de la consommation réelle et les bénéficiaires une augmentation due à l’aide. De plus, on analyse les effets sur les pays tiers. Bien que cette étude concerne l’aide au développement, le cadre de modélisation se prête également à l’analyse d’autres genres de transferts comme l’envoi de fonds.

Suggested Citation

  • Hendrik W. Kruse & Inmaculada Martínez‐Zarzoso, 2021. "Transfers in the gravity equation," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(1), pages 410-442, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:54:y:2021:i:1:p:410-442
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12500
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    References listed on IDEAS

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