IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ukm/jlekon/v53y2019i1p73-88.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Demand for Malaysian Higher Education among ASEAN Countries: An Income Classification based Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Muhamad, Suriyani

    (School of Social and Economic Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.)

  • Abu Hassan Asari, Fadli Fizari

    (Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.)

  • Ahmad, Mahyudin

    (Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.)

Abstract

In 2009, Malaysia was ranked as the world’s 11th higher education exporter. However, only 2% of international students enrolled in Malaysia for the same year. In addressing the problem, this research proposes an analysis of Malaysia’s higher education demand from a macro perspective. This is important in getting a holistic view on the international demand for the country’s higher education industry, as well as complementing existing micro-researches which specialize in individual demand. All importers (ASEAN countries) have been classified based on the World Bank’s income classification, namely low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income. Three variables namely per capita income, consumer price index and physical distance are used in describing the demand. The findings of the study prove that different income classification results in different demand. The identification of high-potential importing countries is essential in achieving a total of 200,000 international enrolments by 2020, as outlined in the Malaysia economic transformation program.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhamad, Suriyani & Abu Hassan Asari, Fadli Fizari & Ahmad, Mahyudin, 2019. "Demand for Malaysian Higher Education among ASEAN Countries: An Income Classification based Analysis," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 53(1), pages 73-88.
    • Handle: RePEc:ukm:jlekon:v:53:y:2019:i:1:p:73-88
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2019-5301-7
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.ukm.my/jem/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/jeko_531-7.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2019-5301-7?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arthur J. Corazzini & Dennis J. Dugan & Henry G. Grabowski, 1972. "Determinants and Distributional Aspects of Enrollment in U.S. Higher Education," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 7(1), pages 39-59.
    2. de Frutos, Pablo & Rodriguez-Prado, Beatriz & Latorre, Joaquín & Martinez-Peña, Fernando, 2019. "A Gravity Model to Explain Flows of Wild Edible Mushroom Picking. A Panel Data Analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 164-173.
    3. Kuik, Onno & Branger, Frédéric & Quirion, Philippe, 2019. "Competitive advantage in the renewable energy industry: Evidence from a gravity model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 472-481.
    4. Beine, Michel & Noël, Romain & Ragot, Lionel, 2014. "Determinants of the international mobility of students," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 40-54.
    5. Larry A. Sjaastad, 1970. "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Harry W. Richardson (ed.), Regional Economics, chapter 9, pages 115-133, Palgrave Macmillan.
    6. Andrew Abbott & Mary Silles, 2016. "Determinants of International Student Migration," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(5), pages 621-635, May.
    7. Vinod B. Agarwal, 1983. "Foreign Students' Demand for United States Higher Education," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 309-322, Oct-Dec.
    8. Agarwal, Vinod B & Winkler, Donald R, 1985. "Foreign Demand for United States Higher Education: A Study of Developing Countries in the Eastern Hemisphere," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 33(3), pages 623-644, April.
    9. Kahouli, Bassem & Maktouf, Samir, 2015. "The determinants of FDI and the impact of the economic crisis on the implementation of RTAs: A static and dynamic gravity model," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 518-529.
    10. Donata Bessey, 2012. "International student migration to Germany," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 345-361, February.
    11. Zheng, Ping, 2014. "Antecedents to international student inflows to UK higher education: A comparative analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 136-143.
    12. Joseph E. Hight, 1975. "The Demand for Higher Education in the U.S. 1927-72; The Public and Private Institutions," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 10(4), pages 512-520.
    13. Arif, Imran & Hall, Joshua C., 2019. "International flows of people and institutional change," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 276-288.
    14. Gesing, Peggy & Glass, Chris, 2019. "STEM student mobility intentions post-graduation and the role of reverse push-pull factors," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 227-236.
    15. Doren Chadee & Vikash Naidoo, 2009. "Higher educational services exports: sources of growth of Asian students in US and UK," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 3(2), pages 173-187, June.
    16. Stephen A. Hoenack & William C. Weiler, 1975. "Cost-Related Tuition Policies and University Enrollments," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 10(3), pages 332-360.
    17. Richard K. Abrams, 1980. "International trade flows under flexible exchange rates," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, vol. 65(Mar), pages 3-10.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Malik Fahim Bashir & Changsheng Xu & Khalid Zaman & Ghulam Akhmat, 2014. "Key Factors Determining the Rationale for Brain Drain: An Irony Never Recovered," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 2(8), pages 308-320, August.
    2. Wohlgemuth, Darin Ray, 1997. "Individual and aggregate demand for higher education: the role of strategic scholarships," ISU General Staff Papers 1997010108000012571, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    3. Katrin Oesingmann, 2016. "ifo Migrationsmonitor: Die Zuwanderung von ausländischen Studierenden nach Deutschland – ein wichtiger Faktor für die Gewinnung von Fachkräften," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 69(20), pages 51-55, October.
    4. Demirci, Murat, 2023. "Youth responses to political populism: Education abroad as a step toward emigration," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 653-673.
    5. Lanati, Mauro & Thiele, Rainer, 2020. "International Student Flows from Developing Countries: Do Donors Have an Impact?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    6. Diogo Lourenço & Carla Sá, 2019. "Spatial competition for students: What does (not) matter?," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 63(1), pages 147-162, August.
    7. Murat Demirci, 2021. "Rising Political Populism and Outmigration of Youth as International Students," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 2123, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
    8. Satti Osman Mohamed Nour, Samia, 2019. "Migration of higher education students from North Africa Region," MERIT Working Papers 2019-010, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    9. Havranek, Tomas & Irsova, Zuzana & Zeynalova, Olesia, 2017. "Tuition Reduces Enrollment Less Than Commonly Thought," MPRA Paper 78813, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Nour, Samia, 2020. "Migration of higher education students from the North Africa Region to the United Kingdom," MERIT Working Papers 2020-016, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    11. Levatino, Antonina, 2015. "Transnational higher education and skilled migration: Evidence from Australia," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 106-116.
    12. Reinhard A. Weisser, 2020. "How Personality Shapes Study Location Choices," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 61(1), pages 88-116, February.
    13. Beine, Michel & Noël, Romain & Ragot, Lionel, 2014. "Determinants of the international mobility of students," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 40-54.
    14. Björn NILSSON, 2019. "Education and migration: insights for policymakers," Working Paper 23ca9c54-061a-4d60-967c-f, Agence française de développement.
    15. Michel Beine & Marco Delogu & Lionel Ragot, 2017. "The Role of Fees in Foreign Education: Evidence From Italy and the United Kingdom," Working Papers 2017-04, CEPII research center.
    16. Driouchi, Ahmed, 2014. "Economics of Migration of Students from the Arab Region to OECD countries," MPRA Paper 58830, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Fanyu Chen & Zi Wen Vivien Wong & Siong Hook Law, 2024. "Brain drain: what is the role of institutions?," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 51(3), pages 605-628, September.
    18. Evgenie P. Zharikov & Alla A. Kravchenko & Olesya O. Sergeeva & Victor V. Stetsyuk, 2016. "Econometric Estimation of Bilateral Transboundary Trade between Russia and China," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 6(3), pages 1068-1071.
    19. Romuald Méango, 2014. "International Student Migration: A Partial Identification Analysis," CESifo Working Paper Series 4677, CESifo.
    20. Elise S. Brezis, 2016. "Why Migrate: For Study or for Work?," Economies, MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-12, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ukm:jlekon:v:53:y:2019:i:1:p:73-88. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Muhammad Asri Abd Ghani (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/feukmmy.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.