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Flexibility for Whom? Control over Work Schedule Variability in the US

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  • Elaine McCrate

Abstract

According to the May Work Schedules and Work at Home Supplement of the Current Population Survey in 1997, 2001, and 2004, the proportion of employees in the United States with variable starting and/or stopping times who do not control their schedules has increased rapidly since the late 1990s. This category included one out of nine civilian employees ages 18--65 in 2004. These jobs have increased rapidly within industries and occupations. The incumbents of these jobs are more likely to be men, black, and immigrant; white, US-born women' chances of holding such jobs are greatly reduced by their responsibility for children. These findings identify a growing tendency to structure jobs so as to exacerbate the conflict between family work and paid employment, and to reinforce the gender division of labor between home and wage labor, especially in the most disadvantaged communities within the US.

Suggested Citation

  • Elaine McCrate, 2012. "Flexibility for Whom? Control over Work Schedule Variability in the US," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(1), pages 39-72, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:femeco:v:18:y:2012:i:1:p:39-72
    DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2012.660179
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Susan Houseman & Machiko Osawa (ed.), 2003. "Nonstandard Work in Developed Economies: Causes and Consequences," Books from Upjohn Press, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, number nwde.
    2. Rucker C. Johnson & Ariel Kalil & Rachel E. Dunifon, 2010. "Mothers' Work and Children's Lives: Low-Income Families after Welfare Reform," Books from Upjohn Press, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, number mwcl.
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    Cited by:

    1. Noemi Mantovan & Robert M. Sauer & John Wilson, 2022. "The effect of work‐schedule control on volunteering among early career employees," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 60(3), pages 536-562, September.
    2. Magda, Iga & Lipowska, Katarzyna, 2021. "Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome," IZA Discussion Papers 14812, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    3. Elaine McCrate, 2013. "Employer-oriented schedule flexibility, gender and family care," Chapters, in: Deborah M. Figart & Tonia L. Warnecke (ed.), Handbook of Research on Gender and Economic Life, chapter 17, pages 273-289, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    4. Julia R. Henly & Susan J. Lambert, 2014. "Unpredictable Work Timing in Retail Jobs," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 67(3), pages 986-1016, July.
    5. Saravanan Kesavan & Susan J. Lambert & Joan C. Williams & Pradeep K. Pendem, 2022. "Doing Well by Doing Good: Improving Retail Store Performance with Responsible Scheduling Practices at the Gap, Inc," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(11), pages 7818-7836, November.
    6. Leanne Roncolato & John Willoughby, 2017. "Job Quality Complexities," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, vol. 49(1), pages 30-53, March.
    7. Lambert, Susan & Fugiel, Peter J., 2023. "Updating Measures of Work Schedules in Federal Surveys," SocArXiv j3dk5, Center for Open Science.

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