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Fare evasion in public transport systems: a review of the literature

Author

Listed:
  • Benedetto Barabino

    (University of Brescia)

  • Cristian Lai

    (CRS4, Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia)

  • Alessandro Olivo

    (University of Cagliari)

Abstract

Fare evasion has become an important issue for public transport companies, especially for those that have adopted proof-of-payment ticketing systems. Recent years have seen strong growth in the publication of studies on fare evasion. This paper reviews 113 studies to identify the characteristics of the research on fare evasion. An overview and classification in five main areas, i.e., fare evader-oriented, criminological, economic, technological, and operational is provided. Next, the status quo of these studies is assessed to support possible unifying research development.

Suggested Citation

  • Benedetto Barabino & Cristian Lai & Alessandro Olivo, 2020. "Fare evasion in public transport systems: a review of the literature," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 27-88, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:pubtra:v:12:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1007_s12469-019-00225-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s12469-019-00225-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Chowdhury Mohammad Sakib Anwar & Alexander Matros & Sonali SenGupta, 2022. "Public Good Provision with a Distributor," Papers 2210.10642, arXiv.org.
    2. Liping Ge & Stefan Voß & Lin Xie, 2022. "Robustness and disturbances in public transport," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 191-261, March.
    3. Ramos, Raúl & Silva, Hugo E., 2023. "Fare evasion in public transport: How does it affect the optimal design and pricing?," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    4. Liping Ge & Malek Sarhani & Stefan Voß & Lin Xie, 2021. "Review of Transit Data Sources: Potentials, Challenges and Complementarity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-37, October.
    5. Mingzhu Song & Yi Zhang & Meng Li & Yi Zhang, 2021. "Accessibility of Transit Stops with Multiple Feeder Modes: Walking and Private-Bike Cycling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-27, March.
    6. Celse, Jérémy & Grolleau, Gilles, 2023. "Fare evasion and information provision: What information should be provided to reduce fare-evasion?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 119-128.
    7. Kholodov, Yaroslav & Jenelius, Erik & Cats, Oded & van Oort, Niels & Mouter, Niek & Cebecauer, Matej & Vermeulen, Alex, 2021. "Public transport fare elasticities from smartcard data: Evidence from a natural experiment," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 35-43.
    8. Guzman, Luis A. & Arellana, Julian & Camargo, José Pablo, 2021. "A hybrid discrete choice model to understand the effect of public policy on fare evasion discouragement in Bogotá's Bus Rapid Transit," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 140-153.
    9. Benedetto Barabino & Sara Salis, 2023. "Segmenting fare-evaders by tandem clustering and logistic regression models," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 61-96, March.
    10. Martin Besfamille & Nicolás Figueroa & León Guzmán, 2022. "Fare Evasion and Monopoly Regulation," Documentos de Trabajo 566, Instituto de Economia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile..
    11. Louise Sträuli, 2023. "Negotiating Difference on Public Transport: How Practices and Experiences of Deviance Shape Public Space," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(4), pages 89-98.
    12. Louise Sträuli & Wojciech Kębłowski, 2023. "‘The gates of paradise are open’: Contesting and producing publicness in the Brussels metro through fare evasion," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 60(15), pages 3126-3142, November.
    13. Krembsler, Jonas & Spiegelberg, Sandra & Hasenfelder, Richard & Kämpf, Nicki Lena & Winter, Thomas & Winter, Nicola & Knappe, Robert, 2024. "Fare revenue forecast in public transport: A comparative case study," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    14. Haonan Ye & Xiao Luo, 2021. "Cascading Failure Analysis on Shanghai Metro Networks: An Improved Coupled Map Lattices Model Based on Graph Attention Networks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-17, December.
    15. Cantillo, Angel & Raveau, Sebastián & Muñoz, Juan Carlos, 2022. "Fare evasion on public transport: Who, when, where and how?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 285-295.
    16. Porath, Keiko & Galilea, Patricia, 2020. "Temporal analysis of fare evasion in Transantiago: A socio-political view," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    17. Brotcorne, L. & Escalona, P. & Fortz, B. & Labbé, M., 2021. "Fare inspection patrols scheduling in transit systems using a Stackelberg game approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1-20.

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