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Vulnerability of buildings to debris flow impact

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  • M. Jakob
  • D. Stein
  • M. Ulmi

Abstract

Quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) for landslide hazards are increasingly being executed to determine an unmitigated level of risk and compare it with risk tolerance criteria set by the local or federal jurisdiction. This approach allows urban planning with a scientific underpinning and provides the tools for emergency preparedness. Debris-flow QRAs require estimates of the hazard probability, spatial and temporal probability of impact (hazard assessment) and vulnerability of the elements at risk. The vulnerability term is perhaps the most difficult to estimate confidently because (a) human death in debris flows is most commonly associated with building damage or collapse and is thus an indirect consequence and (b) the type and scale of building damage is very difficult to predict. To determine building damage, an intensity index (I DF ) was created as the product of maximum expected flow depth d and the square of the maximum flow velocity v (I DF = dv 2 ). The I DF surrogates impact force and thus correlates with building damage. Four classes of building damage were considered ranging from nuisance flood/sedimentation damage to complete destruction. Sixty-six well-documented case studies in which damage, flow depth and flow velocity were recorded or could be estimated were selected through a search of the global literature, and I DF was plotted on a log scale against the associated damage. As expected, the individual damage classes overlap but are distinctly different in their respective distributions and group centroids. To apply this vulnerability model, flow velocity and flow depth need to be estimated for a given building location and I DF calculated. Using the existing database, a damage probability (P DF ) can then be computed. P DF can be applied directly to estimate the likely insurance loss or associated loss of life. The model presented here should be updated with more case studies and is therefore made openly available to international researchers who can access it at http://chis.nrcan.gc.ca/QRA-EQR/index-eng.php . Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Suggested Citation

  • M. Jakob & D. Stein & M. Ulmi, 2012. "Vulnerability of buildings to debris flow impact," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 60(2), pages 241-261, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:60:y:2012:i:2:p:241-261
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-0007-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dieter Rickenmann, 1999. "Empirical Relationships for Debris Flows," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 19(1), pages 47-77, January.
    2. Reinhold Totschnig & Walter Sedlacek & Sven Fuchs, 2011. "A quantitative vulnerability function for fluvial sediment transport," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 58(2), pages 681-703, August.
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    1. Morteza T. Marvi, 2020. "A review of flood damage analysis for a building structure and contents," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 102(3), pages 967-995, July.
    2. Muhammad Khairi A.Wahab & Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol & Jazaul Ikhsan & Mohd Hafiz Zawawi & Mohamad Aizat Abas & Norazian Mohamed Noor & Norizham Abdul Razak & Moh Sholichin, 2023. "Assessment of Debris Flow Impact Based on Experimental Analysis along a Deposition Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-20, August.
    3. Jiangcheng Huang & Huijuan Xu & Xingwu Duan & Xu Li & Peijia Wang, 2020. "Activity patterns and controlling factors of debris flows in the Upper Salween Alpine Valley," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 103(1), pages 1367-1383, August.
    4. Hyo-sub Kang & Yun-tae Kim, 2016. "The physical vulnerability of different types of building structure to debris flow events," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 80(3), pages 1475-1493, February.
    5. Kevin McCoy & Vitaliy Krasko & Paul Santi & Daniel Kaffine & Steffen Rebennack, 2016. "Minimizing economic impacts from post-fire debris flows in the western United States," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 83(1), pages 149-176, August.
    6. R. Vázquez & J. L. Macías & J. Alcalá-Reygosa & J. L. Arce & A. Jiménez-Haro & S. Fernández & T. Carlón & R. Saucedo & J. M. Sánchez-Núñez, 2022. "Numerical modeling and hazard implications of landslides at the Ardillas Volcanic Dome (Tacaná Volcanic Complex, Mexico-Guatemala)," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 113(2), pages 1305-1333, September.
    7. Ioannis Kougkoulos & Simon J. Cook & Laura A. Edwards & Leon J. Clarke & Elias Symeonakis & Jason M. Dortch & Kathleen Nesbitt, 2018. "Modelling glacial lake outburst flood impacts in the Bolivian Andes," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 94(3), pages 1415-1438, December.
    8. Nisar Ali Shah & Muhammad Shafique & Muhammad Ishfaq & Kamil Faisal & Mark Van der Meijde, 2023. "Integrated Approach for Landslide Risk Assessment Using Geoinformation Tools and Field Data in Hindukush Mountain Ranges, Northern Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    9. Michalis Diakakis & Spyridon Mavroulis & Emmanuel Vassilakis & Vassiliki Chalvatzi, 2023. "Exploring the Application of a Debris Flow Likelihood Regression Model in Mediterranean Post-Fire Environments, Using Field Observations-Based Validation," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, February.
    10. Zhifei Deng & Jifu Liu & Lanlan Guo & Jiaoyang Li & Junming Li & Yiru Jia, 2021. "Pure risk premium rating of debris flows based on a dynamic run-out model: a case study in Anzhou, China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 106(1), pages 235-253, March.
    11. Hyo-sub Kang & Yun-tae Kim, 2016. "The physical vulnerability of different types of building structure to debris flow events," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 80(3), pages 1475-1493, February.
    12. Konstantinos Karagiorgos & Micha Heiser & Thomas Thaler & Johannes Hübl & Sven Fuchs, 2016. "Micro-sized enterprises: vulnerability to flash floods," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 84(2), pages 1091-1107, November.
    13. Christoph Rheinberger & Hans E. Romang & Michael Bründl, 2013. "Proportional loss functions for debris flow events," Post-Print hal-02643847, HAL.
    14. Hualin Cheng & Zhiyi Chen & Yu Huang, 2022. "Quantitative physical model of vulnerability of buildings to urban flow slides in construction solid waste landfills: a case study of the 2015 Shenzhen flow slide," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 112(2), pages 1567-1587, June.
    15. Mudassir Ali Khan & Zahiraniza Mustaffa & Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap & Muhammad Bello Ibrahim & Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, 2022. "Assessment of Physical Vulnerability and Uncertainties for Debris Flow Hazard: A Review concerning Climate Change," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-22, December.

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