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Grit Across Nations: The Cross-National Equivalence of the Grit-O Scale

Author

Listed:
  • Llewellyn E. Zyl

    (University of Eindhoven, Human Performance Management
    North-West University (Vaal Triangle Campus)
    University of Twente
    Goethe University)

  • Babet Heijenk

    (University of Eindhoven, Human Performance Management)

  • Jeff Klibert

    (Georgia Southern University)

  • Rebecca Shankland

    (Université Lumière Lyon 2)

  • Nicolas B. Verger

    (Glasgow Caledonian University)

  • Sebastiaan Rothmann

    (North-West University (Vaal Triangle Campus))

  • Vincent Cho

    (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)

  • Katherine Feng

    (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)

  • Eric W. K. See-To

    (Lingnan University)

  • Lara C. Roll

    (North-West University (Vaal Triangle Campus)
    KU Leuven)

  • Leander Meij

    (University of Eindhoven, Human Performance Management)

Abstract

Despite its popularity in practice, the Grit-O Scale has shown inconsistent factorial structures and differing levels of internal consistency in samples outside the USA. The validity of the Grit-O Scale in different contexts is, therefore, questionable. As such, the purpose of this paper was to determine whether the Grit-O Scale could be used as a valid and reliable measure to compare grit across different nations. Specifically, the aim was to investigate the factorial validity, reliability, and concurrent validity of the Grit-O Scale and to investigate measurement invariance across three national cohorts (Europe, the USA, and Hong Kong). Data were gathered from 1888 respondents stemming from one USA- (n = 471), two Hong Kong- (n = 361) and four European (n = 1056) universities. A series of traditional CFA and less restrictive ESEM models were estimated and systematically compared to determine the best factorial form of the Grit-O Scale. The results showed that a bifactor ESEM model, with one general factor of overall grit and two specific factors (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort), fitted the data best, showed strong measurement invariance across the three samples, and showed itself to be a reliable measure. Furthermore, concurrent validity was established by showing that the three grit factors were directly and positively related to task performance. Meaningful latent comparisons between the three cultural cohorts could therefore be made. The results imply that cross-national comparisons of grit may only be problematic when traditional CFA approaches are favoured. In contrast, ESEM modelling approaches may compensate for cross-national differences in understanding grit and control for differences in the interpretation of the scale’s items. Therefore, the bifactor ESEM approach may be more appropriate for cross-cultural and cross-national comparison studies, as it allows for these differences to be meaningfully captured, modelled, and controlled for.

Suggested Citation

  • Llewellyn E. Zyl & Babet Heijenk & Jeff Klibert & Rebecca Shankland & Nicolas B. Verger & Sebastiaan Rothmann & Vincent Cho & Katherine Feng & Eric W. K. See-To & Lara C. Roll & Leander Meij, 2022. "Grit Across Nations: The Cross-National Equivalence of the Grit-O Scale," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(7), pages 3179-3213, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:23:y:2022:i:7:d:10.1007_s10902-022-00543-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00543-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Llewellyn Ellardus Zyl, 2021. "Social Study Resources and Social Wellbeing Before and During the Intelligent COVID-19 Lockdown in The Netherlands," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 157(1), pages 393-415, August.
    2. Tino Lesener & Leonard Santiago Pleiss & Burkhard Gusy & Christine Wolter, 2020. "The Study Demands-Resources Framework: An Empirical Introduction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-13, July.
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    5. Patrick Hill & Anthony Burrow & Kendall Bronk, 2016. "Persevering with Positivity and Purpose: An Examination of Purpose Commitment and Positive Affect as Predictors of Grit," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 257-269, February.
    6. Imen Krifa & Llewellyn Ellardus van Zyl & Amel Braham & Selma Ben Nasr & Rebecca Shankland, 2022. "Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Optimism and Emotional Regulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-17, January.
    7. repec:ucp:bkecon:9780226316529 is not listed on IDEAS
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