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Gender Differences in the Transition to Adulthood in France: Is There Convergence Over the Recent Period?

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  • Maria Winkler-Dworak

    (Austrian Academy of Sciences)

  • Laurent Toulemon

    (Institut national d’études démographiques)

Abstract

Numerous studies have shown that educational attainment and labour force status have a strong impact on the timing of family formation for both men and women. The effects of educational level, school enrolment and employment seem to be different for men and women. The aim of this article is to investigate how gender-specific differences in family formation have changed over time, and more particularly, whether these differences have disappeared in recent years. We use a large-scale survey (more than 240,000 men and women born after 1940) conducted within the French 1999 census and apply event history techniques. The sample size allows us to test our hypotheses with more sophisticated models that cover several interactions. Our data fully support the convergence hypothesis for men and women with regard to the effects of educational attainment and working status (working/not working). However, it is only partly relevant for the effects of their school enrolment status on entry into first union and parenthood. For both men and women, the impact of work experience on first union disappears over time, but remains important for first parenthood.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Winkler-Dworak & Laurent Toulemon, 2007. "Gender Differences in the Transition to Adulthood in France: Is There Convergence Over the Recent Period?," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 23(3), pages 273-314, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eurpop:v:23:y:2007:i:3:d:10.1007_s10680-007-9128-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s10680-007-9128-4
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    8. Grafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa & Prettner, Klaus, 2009. "Agglomeration and population aging in a two region model of exogenous growth," Department of Economics Working Paper Series 125, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    9. Eva Beaujouan, 2020. "Latest‐Late Fertility? Decline and Resurgence of Late Parenthood Across the Low‐Fertility Countries," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 46(2), pages 219-247, June.
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    11. Lang-Wen Wendy Huang, 2013. "The Transition Tempo and Life Course Orientation of Young Adults in Taiwan," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 646(1), pages 69-85, March.
    12. Marika Jalovaara & Gerda Neyer & Gunnar Andersson & Johan Dahlberg & Lars Dommermuth & Peter Fallesen & Trude Lappegård, 2019. "Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(3), pages 563-586, July.
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    15. Jarl E. Mooyaart & Aart C. Liefbroer, 2016. "The Influence of Parental Education on Timing and Type of Union Formation: Changes Over the Life Course and Over Time in the Netherlands," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(4), pages 885-919, August.
    16. Maria Winkler-Dworak & Eva Beaujouan & Paola Di Giulio & Martin Spielauer, 2019. "Simulating Family Life Courses: An Application for Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia," VID Working Papers 1908, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    17. Sunnee Billingsley & Allan Puur & Luule Sakkeus, 2014. "Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from Estonia 1971-2006," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 30(64), pages 1733-1768.
    18. Jana Klimova Chaloupkova, 2023. "Solo living in the process of transitioning to adulthood in Europe: The role of socioeconomic background," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 48(3), pages 43-88.
    19. Giulia Ferrari & Ariane Pailhé, 2016. "Transition to adulthood in France: Do descendants of immigrants differ from natives ?," Working Papers 50, French Institute for Demographic Studies.
    20. Jessica Nisén & Pekka Martikainen & Mikko Myrskylä & Karri Silventoinen, 2018. "Education, Other Socioeconomic Characteristics Across the Life Course, and Fertility Among Finnish Men," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 34(3), pages 337-366, August.
    21. Milan Bouchet-Valat, 2014. "La fin de l'hypergamie féminine? L’inversion du sens de l'écart entre diplômes des conjoints au fil des cohortes en France," Working Papers 2014-50, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics.
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    23. Luigi Aldieri & Adriana Barone & Concetto Paolo Vinci, 2006. "Human capital and fertility decisions in Italy: a microeconometric analysis of ECHP data," Brussels Economic Review, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, vol. 49(4), pages 281-292.
    24. Øystein Kravdal, 2007. "Effects of current education on second- and third-birth rates among Norwegian women and men born in 1964: Substantive interpretations and methodological issues," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 17(9), pages 211-246.
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