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Spatial analysis of drought severity and magnitude using the standardized precipitation index and streamflow drought index over the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

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  • Sohail Abbas

    (Konkuk University)

  • Shazia Kousar

    (University of Jhang)

Abstract

Droughts are one of the multidimensional extreme events that negatively influence agriculture, water availability and food security in the World. The Upper Indus Basin (UIB) is the major river system in the world that contributes 80% of the surface water availability in Pakistan. The objective of the current study is to analyze the spatial patterns of drought severity and magnitude using the standardized precipitation index and streamflow drought index. These drought indices were used to estimate the characteristics and a variation of the droughts annual, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for the period of 1991–2017. Results revealed that the northeastern side of the Upper Indus Basin was greatly influenced by the droughts as compared to the southwestern side. The duration from 1997 to 1998 was strongly correlated with El Nino and La Nina (ENSO) in a strong way. This type of ENSO indicates the severe drought for 5 years from 1998 to 2002 in the UIB. The episode of the warm water oceans mechanism was also strengthened in 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2002 drought years. La Nina effect has been observed in the wet and cold phase during the year of 1999. The study indicated the severe SDI drought in the years of 1991 and 2001. The study also indicated that the streamflow drought index in the post-monsoon season was marked by extreme level drought magnitude at G. Habibullah (2001), Muzaffarabad (2001), Yogo (1993) and Dhok Pathan (1998). The results of the current investigation would help policymakers to introduce new types of drought risk reduction measures for drought preparedness at the regional and the national level in Pakistan. Graphic Abstract

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  • Sohail Abbas & Shazia Kousar, 2021. "Spatial analysis of drought severity and magnitude using the standardized precipitation index and streamflow drought index over the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(10), pages 15314-15340, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:10:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01299-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01299-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Dilshad Ahmad & Malika Kanwal & Muhammad Afzal, 2023. "Climate change effects on riverbank erosion Bait community flood-prone area of Punjab, Pakistan: an application of livelihood vulnerability index," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(9), pages 9387-9415, September.
    3. Shazia Kousar & Muhammad Afzal & Farhan Ahmed & Štefan Bojnec, 2022. "Environmental Awareness and Air Quality: The Mediating Role of Environmental Protective Behaviors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    4. Yingying Guan & Xueming Li & Jun Yang & Songbo Li & Shenzhen Tian, 2022. "Spatial differentiation of comprehensive suitability of urban human settlements based on GIS: a case study of Liaoning Province, China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 4150-4174, March.
    5. Wilian Rodrigues Ribeiro & Morgana Scaramussa Gonçalves & Daniel Soares Ferreira & Dalila Costa Gonçalves & Samira Luns Hatum Almeida & Ramon Amaro Sales & Felipe Cunha Siman & Luan Peroni Venancio & , 2022. "Water demand of central pivot-irrigated areas in Bahia, Brazil: management of water resources applied to sustainable production," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(10), pages 12340-12366, October.
    6. Amit Kumar & Abhilash Singh & Kumar Gaurav, 2023. "Assessing the synergic effect of land use and climate change on the upper Betwa River catchment in Central India under present, past, and future climate scenarios," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(6), pages 5163-5184, June.
    7. B. Anand & R. Shanmathi Rekha & K. R. Remitha & V. Maniyammai & K. Ramaswamy & Sneha Gautam, 2024. "Dynamic change analysis of water spread region and its impact assessment using spectral indices of remotely sensed data," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(7), pages 17635-17652, July.

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