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La productivité des salariés âgés : une tentative d'estimation

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  • Patrick Aubert
  • Bruno Crépon

Abstract

[eng] The Productivity of Older workers: A Preliminary Estimate . . On average, wages increase with age. A natural question, then, is whether the higher wages earned by older workers correspond to higher productivity. The answer to this question is not without its effect on the employability of these older workers. Wage-earner productivity, estimated as the •contribution” made by the different age brackets to business productivity, increases with age through to 40 years old and then levels off. The productivity curve follows the wage curve quite closely. In particular, there is no sub- stantial deviation between wages and productivity, except at the oldest ages (over 55). However, these findings are not very accurate since it is hard to extract causal relations between wage-earner age and business productivity from simple correlations between the structure and production of manpower. In particular, higher percentages of older workers are found in old and fairly inefficient firms and older workers are slower to adjust to productivity shocks. This introduces a bias into the productivity estimate, which can only be corrected at the cost of less accurate findings. Moreover, the findings concern solely employed wage earners and not all individuals. [spa] La productividad de los asalariados de más edad: un ensayo de estimación . . En un promedio, los salarios aumentan con la edad del asalariado. Lo natural es preguntarse si los salarios más altos de los trabajadores de más edad corresponden o no a una productividad más alta. La respuesta no carece de consecuencia sobre la empleabilidad de dichos trabajadores. Si se considera la «contribución» de las diferentes clases de edad a la productividad de las empresas, la productividad de los asalariados aumenta con la edad hasta los 40 años, y luego se estabiliza. El perfil de la productividad sigue de cerca el de las remuneraciones. En especial, no se da ninguna fuerte diferencia entre salario y productividad, a no ser entre las edades más altas (más de 55 años). Estos resultados carecen con todo de precisión, pues resulta difícil extraer unas relaciones causales de la edad de los asalariados sobre la productividad de las empresas partiendo tan sólo de meras correlaciones entre producción y estructura de la mano de obra. En especial, los asalariados de más edad son más numerosos en las empresas antiguas y poco eficaces, y representan además una proporción de la mano de obra que se ajusta con menos rapidez a los choques de productividad. Se da entonces un sesgo en la estimación de la productividad, cuya corrección sólo puede llevarse a cabo al admitir unos resultados menos precisos. Además, los resultados sólo conciernen a los asalariados en empleo, y no al conjunto de los individuos. [fre] La productivité des salariés âgés: une tentative d’estimation . . En moyenne, les salaires croissent avec l’âge. Une question naturelle est de savoir si les salaires plus élevés des travailleurs âgés correspondent, ou non, à une productivité plus élevée. La réponse à cette question n’est pas sans conséquence sur l’employabilité de ces travailleurs âgés. Estimée comme la «contribution» des différentes classes d’âge à la productivité des entreprises, la productivité des salariés croît avec l’âge jusqu’à 40 ans, avant de se stabiliser. Le profil de la productivité suit d’assez prêt celui des rémunérations. En particulier, il n’apparaît pas d’écart marquant entre salaire et productivité, si ce n’est aux âges les plus élevés (plus de 55 ans). Ces résultats restent néanmoins assez peu précis, car il est difficile d’extraire des relations causales de l’âge des salariés sur la productivité des entreprises à partir des simples corrélations entre production et structure de la main-d’oeuvre. En particulier, les salariés âgés sont plus nombreux dans les entreprises anciennes et peu efficaces, et représentent une partie de la maind’oeuvre qui s’ajustent moins rapidement aux chocs de productivité. Il en résulte un biais dans l’estimation de la productivité, dont la correction ne peut se faire qu’au prix de résultats moins précis. En outre, les résultats ne concernent que les salariés en emploi, et non l’ensemble des individus. [ger] Produktivität der älteren Arbeitnehmer: Versuch einer Schätzung . . Mit dem Alter steigt im Schnitt auch die Entlohnung. Deshalb stellt sich die Frage, ob die höhere Entlohnung der älteren Arbeitnehmer auch einer höheren Produktivität entspricht oder nicht. Die Beantwortung dieser Frage hat zwangsläufig Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit dieser älteren Arbeitnehmer. Die Produktivität der Beschäftigten, die als «Beitrag» der verschiedenen Altersklassen zur Produktivität der Unternehmen geschätzt wird, nimmt bis zum 40. Lebensjahr zu und stabilisiert sich danach. Das Profil der Produktivität folgt demjenigen der Entlohnung recht nahe. Insbesondere gibt es eine nennenswerte Diskrepanz zwischen Entlohnung und Produktivität nur bei den ältesten Arbeitnehmern (über 55 Jahre). Diese Ergebnisse sind jedoch nur wenig präzise, da sich auf der Grundlage einfacher Korrelationen zwischen Produktion und Struktur der Arbeitskräfte nur schwer eine Kausalität zwischen Alter der Beschäftigten und Produktivität der Unternehmen ableiten lässt. Vor allem in den angestammten und wenig effizienten Unternehmen sind die älteren Arbeitnehmer zahlreicher und stellen einen Teil des Personals dar, der sich den Produktivitätsschocks weniger rasch anzupassen vermag. Dies führt zu einer Verzerrung bei der Schätzung der Produktivität, die sich nur um den Preis weniger präziser Ergebnisse korrigieren lässt. Zudem betreffen die Ergebnisse lediglich die erwerbstätigen Arbeitnehmer und nicht alle Individuen.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Aubert & Bruno Crépon, 2003. "La productivité des salariés âgés : une tentative d'estimation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 368(1), pages 95-119.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_368_1_7300
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7300
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7300
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    References listed on IDEAS

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