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Patrimoine des ménages : déterminants et disparités

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  • Stéfan Lollivier
  • Daniel Verger

Abstract

[fre] Patrimoine des ménages : déterminants et disparités . En 1992, le patrimoine brut des ménages est, en moyenne, de 900 000 francs. Mais la dispersion et la concentration sont fortes : le pécule des 10 % de ménages les moins fortunés ne dépasse pas 24 600 francs, alors que l'avoir des 10 % les plus riches excède 1 830 000 francs ; les 5 % les plus riches se partagent près de 40 % du patrimoine global. . Le revenu, présent mais aussi passé, est le facteur le plus discriminant puis, au travers de la profession, l'opposition entre indépendants et salariés. L'âge n'explique qu'environ 1 0 % des inégalités. La présence de descendants à qui léguer est aussi un moteur puissant pour l'accumulation patrimoniale ; les patrimoines les plus élevés sont atteints par les familles de deux enfants. Dans la vie de couple, le divorce a un effet négatif net et les ménages dont les membres ont connu plusieurs unions disposent, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, d'un patrimoine inférieur à celui des couples stables. . Le patrimoine garde trace des plus ou moins values et des transferts entre générations, mais, toutes choses égales, la donation réduit peu les patrimoines comme si ce que l'on cédait était un surcroît de fortune par rapport à celle accumulée, en moyenne, par ses pairs. Des facteurs inobservables tels que le goût pour l'épargne ou l'aversion pour le risque jouent un rôle important puisqu'ils expliquent presque la moitié de la dispersion des fortunes. [eng] Household Wealth: Determinants and Disparities . In 1992, the average gross wealth of a household was 900,000 French francs. Yet there was a high degree of dispersal and concentration: the nest egg of the 10% least well-off households did not exceed 24,600 French francs while the richest 10% had over 1,830,000 French francs in savings. The richest 5% held nearly 40% of the total wealth. . The leading determining factor in this is present and past income, followed by the professional contrast between the self-employed and wage earners. Age explains around only 10% of the inequalities. Having descendants to bequeath to is also a strong incentive for accumulating wealth. The largest personal fortunes are built up by families with two children. Divorce has a net negative effect and households whose members have had a number of previous relationships have, all things being equal, smaller personal fortunes than stable couples. . Records kept on wealth show capital gains and loss and intergenerational transfers. Yet, all things being equal, donations do little to reduce personal fortunes as if what was transferred were surplus to the wealth generally accumulated by peers. Unobservable factors such as a preference for savings and risk aversion play an important role as they explain nearly half of the spread of wealth. [ger] Vermôgen der Haushalte : Determinanten und Disparitâten . Im Jahre 1992 belief sich das Bruttovermôgen der franzôsischen Haushalte auf durchschnittlich 900.000 Franc. Es gibt jedoch eine starke Streuung und Konzentration : die Erspamisse von 10 % der ârmsten Haushalte liegen bei lediglich 24.600 Franc, wâhrend das Vermôgen von 10 % der reichsten Franzosen 1.830.000 Franc ùbersteigt. 5 % der Reichsten teilen sich nahezu 40 % des Gesamtvermôgens. . Familien mit zwei Kindern. Im Leben eines Ehepaares wirkt sich eine Scheidung negativ auf das Vermôgen aus. Die Haushalte, deren Mitglieder mehrmals geheiratet haben, aber ansonsten die gleichen Merkmale aufweisen, verfùgen ùber ein geringeres Vermôgen als die Ehepaare, die sich nie scheiden lieBen. . Das gegenwârtig, aber auch das vergangene Einkommen ist der diskriminierendste Faktor ; darauf folgt der berufsbezogene Gegensatz zwischen Freiberuflem und Arbeitnehmern. Mit dem Alter lassen sich nur rund 10 % der Disparitâten erklâren. Das Vorhandensein von Nachkommen, denen etwas vererbt werden kann, stellt ebenfalls einen wichtigen Aspekt bei der Anhâufung von Vermôgen dar. Das grôBte Vermôgen erreichen die Im Vermôgen spiegeln sich zwar die Wertsteigerungen und -minderungen sowie die Vermôgensùbertragungen zwischen den Generationen wider. Bei ansonsten gleichen Merkmalen wird das Vermôgen durch eine Schenkung allerdings nur wenig gemindert, und zwar so, als wùrde lediglich ein VermôgensùberschuB abgetreten. Unbeobachtbare Faktoren, wie Sparbereitschaft oder Risikoscheue, spielen eine wichtige Rolle, da sie fast die Hâlfte der Vermôgensstreuungen erklâren. [spa] Patrimonio de los hogares : déterminantes y disparidades . En 1992, el patrimonio bruto de los hogares es, en un promedio, de 900 000 francos. Pero la dispersion y la concentraciôn son f uertes : el peculio del 1 0 % de los hogares menos ricos no supera 24 600 francos, mientras que el haber del 10 % de los mâs ricos excède 1 830 000 francos ; el 5 % de los mâs ricos comparten cerca del 40 % del patrimonio global. . La renta, présente pero también pasada, es el factor mâs discriminante, seguido en lo que se refiere a la profesiôn, por la oposiciôn entre independientes y asalariados. La edad no explica sino un 10 % de las desigualdades. La presencia de unos descendientes a los que legar es también un motor potente para la acumulaciôn patrimonial. En la vida de pareja, el divorcio tiene una consecuencia negativa neta y los hogares cuyos miembros tuvieron varias uniones disponen, salvadas las diferencias, de un patrimonio inferior al de las parejas estables. . El patrimonio conserva la huella de las plus o minusvalïas y de las transferencias entre generaciones, pero, salvadas las diferencias, la donaciôn poco reduce los patrimonios como si lo que se cede fuera un aumento de fortuna respecte a la que acumularon, en un promedio, sus pares. Unos factores inobservables taies como la aficiôn al ahorro o la aversion al riesgo desempenan un papel importante ya que explican casi la mitad de la dispersion de las fortunas.

Suggested Citation

  • Stéfan Lollivier & Daniel Verger, 1996. "Patrimoine des ménages : déterminants et disparités," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 296(1), pages 13-31.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1996_num_296_1_6139
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1996.6139
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1996.6139
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paglin, Morton, 1975. "The Measurement and Trend of Inequality: A Basic Revision," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(4), pages 598-609, September.
    2. Luc Arrondel & André Masson, 1990. "Hypothèse du cycle de vie, diversification et composition du patrimoine: France 1986," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 17, pages 1-45.
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    1. Audrey Desbonnet & Jean-Olivier Hairault, 2010. "Inégalité de patrimoine et progressivité de l'impôt," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(2), pages 21-41.
    2. Nicolas Herpin & Jean-Hugues Déchaux, 2004. "Entraide familiale, indépendance économique et sociabilité," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 373(1), pages 3-32.
    3. Gourieroux, Christian & Tiomo, A. & Trognon, A., 1997. "Composition des portefeuilles des ménages: une analyse scores sur données françaises," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 9716, CEPREMAP.
    4. Luc Arrondel & André Masson & Daniel Verger, 2004. "Les comportements de l'épargnant à l'égard du risque et du temps," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 374(1), pages 9-19.

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