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Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Author

Listed:
  • Lukas Schwingshackl
  • Georg Hoffmann
  • Carolina Schwedhelm
  • Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann
  • Benjamin Missbach
  • Sven Knüppel
  • Heiner Boeing

Abstract

Background: The current state of knowledge regarding the association of dairy products and weight gain, overweight, and obesity is based on studies reporting contradicting and inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was thus to clarify the link between dairy consumption in relation to changes in anthropometric measures/adiposity by a meta-analytical approach. Methods: For the meta-analysis PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, and google scholar were searched by two independent authors up to May 2016 with no restriction to language or calendar date. Prospective cohort studies reporting about intake of dairy consumption (including milk, yogurt, cheese, butter) and changes in body weight or waist circumference, risk of overweight, obesity, or weight gain were eligible. Pooled effects were calculated using a random effects model, and also a fixed effect model for sensitivity analysis. Due to the heterogeneity of statistical analytical approaches of the studies the analysis were done separately for beta-coefficients of changes in body weight and/or waist circumference per serving of dairy, for differences in weight gain/gain in waist circumference when comparing extreme categories of dairy consumption, and for odds ratios in regard to weight gain, overweight/obesity, or abdominal obesity. Findings: 24 studies (27 reports) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, and 22 studies provided sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of the five studies on changes in body weight per serving of dairy no significant results could be found for whole fat dairy and low fat dairy. However, there was inverse association between changes in body weight for each serving’s increase of yogurt (beta: -40.99 gram/year, 95% CI, -48.09 to -33.88), whereas each serving’s increase of cheese was positively associated (beta: -10.97 gram/year, 95% CI, 2.86 to 19.07). Furthermore, the highest dairy intake category was associated with a reduced risk of abdominal obesity (OR: 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.95), and risk of overweight (OR: 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.00) compared to the lowest intake category. No significant association could be observed for risk of weight gain. Conclusion: In summary the results of the meta-analysis still reflect that dairy consumption was not positively related to changes in body weight. Yogurt was the only dairy food that showed some evidence for a beneficial effect, where higher intakes were inversely associated a reduced risk of obesity, changes in body weight or waist circumference. Further research is needed, since the overall interpretation of the results is limited by heterogeneous risk estimates.

Suggested Citation

  • Lukas Schwingshackl & Georg Hoffmann & Carolina Schwedhelm & Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann & Benjamin Missbach & Sven Knüppel & Heiner Boeing, 2016. "Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0157461
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157461
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jocelyne R Benatar & Karishma Sidhu & Ralph A H Stewart, 2013. "Effects of High and Low Fat Dairy Food on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(10), pages 1-1, October.
    2. Lukas Schwingshackl & Georg Hoffmann & Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann & Maria Arregui & Brian Buijsse & Heiner Boeing, 2015. "Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Peter J. Turnbaugh & Ruth E. Ley & Michael A. Mahowald & Vincent Magrini & Elaine R. Mardis & Jeffrey I. Gordon, 2006. "An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest," Nature, Nature, vol. 444(7122), pages 1027-1031, December.
    4. Craig L. Maynard & Charles O. Elson & Robin D. Hatton & Casey T. Weaver, 2012. "Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system," Nature, Nature, vol. 489(7415), pages 231-241, September.
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    1. María Correa-Rodríguez & Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle & Robinson Ramírez-Vélez & Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista & Emilio González-Jiménez & Blanca Rueda-Medina, 2020. "Influence of Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes on Body Composition in Children and Adolescents," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 29(4), pages 243-248, May.
    2. Noëmie Daniel & Renato Tadeu Nachbar & Thi Thu Trang Tran & Adia Ouellette & Thibault Vincent Varin & Aurélie Cotillard & Laurent Quinquis & Andréanne Gagné & Philippe St-Pierre & Jocelyn Trottier & B, 2022. "Gut microbiota and fermentation-derived branched chain hydroxy acids mediate health benefits of yogurt consumption in obese mice," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-18, December.

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