IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2021i1p37-d707733.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

From Pre- and Probiotics to Post-Biotics: A Narrative Review

Author

Listed:
  • Emidio Scarpellini

    (Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
    TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Emanuele Rinninella

    (UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
    Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy)

  • Martina Basilico

    (Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy)

  • Esther Colomier

    (TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Carlo Rasetti

    (Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy)

  • Tiziana Larussa

    (Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy)

  • Pierangelo Santori

    (Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy)

  • Ludovico Abenavoli

    (Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy)

Abstract

Background and aims: gut microbiota (GM) is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. It has several functions in the human body ranging from immunomodulation to metabolic. GM derangement is called dysbiosis and is involved in several host diseases. Pre-, probiotics, and symbiotics (PRE-PRO-SYMB) have been extensively developed and studied for GM re-modulation. Herein, we review the literature data regarding the new concept of postbiotics, starting from PRE-PRO-SYMB. Methods: we conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, and postbiotics. Results: postbiotics account for PRO components and metabolic products able to beneficially affect host health and GM. The deeper the knowledge about them, the greater their possible uses: the prevention and treatment of atopic, respiratory tract, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Conclusions: better knowledge about postbiotics can be useful for the prevention and treatment of several human body diseases, alone or as an add-on to PRE-PRO-SYMB.

Suggested Citation

  • Emidio Scarpellini & Emanuele Rinninella & Martina Basilico & Esther Colomier & Carlo Rasetti & Tiziana Larussa & Pierangelo Santori & Ludovico Abenavoli, 2021. "From Pre- and Probiotics to Post-Biotics: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-14, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2021:i:1:p:37-:d:707733
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/1/37/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/1/37/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Junjie Qin & Ruiqiang Li & Jeroen Raes & Manimozhiyan Arumugam & Kristoffer Solvsten Burgdorf & Chaysavanh Manichanh & Trine Nielsen & Nicolas Pons & Florence Levenez & Takuji Yamada & Daniel R. Mende, 2010. "A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing," Nature, Nature, vol. 464(7285), pages 59-65, March.
    2. Alessandro Liberati & Douglas G Altman & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Cynthia Mulrow & Peter C Gøtzsche & John P A Ioannidis & Mike Clarke & P J Devereaux & Jos Kleijnen & David Moher, 2009. "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-28, July.
    3. Manimozhiyan Arumugam & Jeroen Raes & Eric Pelletier & Denis Le Paslier & Takuji Yamada & Daniel R. Mende & Gabriel R. Fernandes & Julien Tap & Thomas Bruls & Jean-Michel Batto & Marcelo Bertalan & Na, 2011. "Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome," Nature, Nature, vol. 473(7346), pages 174-180, May.
    4. Craig L. Maynard & Charles O. Elson & Robin D. Hatton & Casey T. Weaver, 2012. "Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system," Nature, Nature, vol. 489(7415), pages 231-241, September.
    5. Tanya Yatsunenko & Federico E. Rey & Mark J. Manary & Indi Trehan & Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello & Monica Contreras & Magda Magris & Glida Hidalgo & Robert N. Baldassano & Andrey P. Anokhin & Andrew C, 2012. "Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography," Nature, Nature, vol. 486(7402), pages 222-227, June.
    6. Manimozhiyan Arumugam & Jeroen Raes & Eric Pelletier & Denis Le Paslier & Takuji Yamada & Daniel R. Mende & Gabriel R. Fernandes & Julien Tap & Thomas Bruls & Jean-Michel Batto & Marcelo Bertalan & Na, 2011. "Erratum: Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome," Nature, Nature, vol. 474(7353), pages 666-666, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Doris Vandeputte & Lindsey Commer & Raul Y. Tito & Gunter Kathagen & João Sabino & Séverine Vermeire & Karoline Faust & Jeroen Raes, 2021. "Temporal variability in quantitative human gut microbiome profiles and implications for clinical research," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Antonella Gagliardi & Valentina Totino & Fatima Cacciotti & Valerio Iebba & Bruna Neroni & Giulia Bonfiglio & Maria Trancassini & Claudio Passariello & Fabrizio Pantanella & Serena Schippa, 2018. "Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-24, August.
    3. Elio L Herzog & Melania Wäfler & Irene Keller & Sebastian Wolf & Martin S Zinkernagel & Denise C Zysset-Burri, 2021. "The importance of age in compositional and functional profiling of the human intestinal microbiome," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(10), pages 1-13, October.
    4. Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah & Candice Choo-Kang & Maria Gjerstad Maseng & Sonya Donato & Pascal Bovet & Bharathi Viswanathan & Kweku Bedu-Addo & Jacob Plange-Rhule & Prince Oti Boateng & Terrence E. Forrest, 2023. "Gut microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids differ with adiposity and country of origin: the METS-microbiome study," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Laura Sanchis-Artero & Juan Francisco Martínez-Blanch & Sergio Manresa-Vera & Ernesto Cortés-Castell & Josefa Rodriguez-Morales & Xavier Cortés-Rizo, 2020. "Evaluation of Changes in Gut Microbiota in Patients with Crohn’s Disease after Anti-Tnfα Treatment: Prospective Multicenter Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-14, July.
    6. Georges P. Schmartz & Jacqueline Rehner & Madline P. Gund & Verena Keller & Leidy-Alejandra G. Molano & Stefan Rupf & Matthias Hannig & Tim Berger & Elias Flockerzi & Berthold Seitz & Sara Fleser & Sa, 2024. "Decoding the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microbiota using pan-body pan-disease microbiomics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    7. Andrea Fontana & Concetta Panebianco & Andrea Picchianti-Diamanti & Bruno Laganà & Duccio Cavalieri & Adele Potenza & Riccardo Pracella & Elena Binda & Massimiliano Copetti & Valerio Pazienza, 2019. "Gut Microbiota Profiles Differ among Individuals Depending on Their Region of Origin: An Italian Pilot Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-20, October.
    8. Diego E. Sastre & Nazneen Sultana & Marcos V. A. S. Navarro & Maros Huliciak & Jonathan Du & Javier O. Cifuente & Maria Flowers & Xu Liu & Pete Lollar & Beatriz Trastoy & Marcelo E. Guerin & Eric J. S, 2024. "Human gut microbes express functionally distinct endoglycosidases to metabolize the same N-glycan substrate," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. M. C. Rühlemann & C. Bang & J. F. Gogarten & B. M. Hermes & M. Groussin & S. Waschina & M. Poyet & M. Ulrich & C. Akoua-Koffi & T. Deschner & J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum & M. M. Robbins & M. Surbeck & R. M. , 2024. "Functional host-specific adaptation of the intestinal microbiome in hominids," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    10. Zhiguang Qiu & Li Yuan & Chun-Ang Lian & Bin Lin & Jie Chen & Rong Mu & Xuejiao Qiao & Liyu Zhang & Zheng Xu & Lu Fan & Yunzeng Zhang & Shanquan Wang & Junyi Li & Huiluo Cao & Bing Li & Baowei Chen & , 2024. "BASALT refines binning from metagenomic data and increases resolution of genome-resolved metagenomic analysis," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    11. Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka & Ewa Stachowska & Dominika Maciejewska & Karina Ryterska & Joanna Palma & Maja Czerwińska-Rogowska & Mariusz Kaczmarczyk & Anna Gudan & Honorata Mruk & Barbara Świniarska , 2018. "The Digestive Health among Participants of the Woodstock Rock Festival in Poland—A Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-13, October.
    12. Oliver Aasmets & Kertu Liis Krigul & Kreete Lüll & Andres Metspalu & Elin Org, 2022. "Gut metagenome associations with extensive digital health data in a volunteer-based Estonian microbiome cohort," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
    13. Lara S. Franco & Danielle F. Shanahan & Richard A. Fuller, 2017. "A Review of the Benefits of Nature Experiences: More Than Meets the Eye," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-29, August.
    14. Julien Tap & Franck Lejzerowicz & Aurélie Cotillard & Matthieu Pichaud & Daniel McDonald & Se Jin Song & Rob Knight & Patrick Veiga & Muriel Derrien, 2023. "Global branches and local states of the human gut microbiome define associations with environmental and intrinsic factors," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    15. Kihyun Lee & Sebastien Raguideau & Kimmo Sirén & Francesco Asnicar & Fabio Cumbo & Falk Hildebrand & Nicola Segata & Chang-Jun Cha & Christopher Quince, 2023. "Population-level impacts of antibiotic usage on the human gut microbiome," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-19, December.
    16. Roger S. Fujioka & Helena M. Solo-Gabriele & Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli & Marek Kirs, 2015. "U.S. Recreational Water Quality Criteria: A Vision for the Future," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-25, July.
    17. Feng Tong & Teng Wang & Na L. Gao & Ziying Liu & Kuiqing Cui & Yiqian Duan & Sicheng Wu & Yuhong Luo & Zhipeng Li & Chengjian Yang & Yixue Xu & Bo Lin & Liguo Yang & Alfredo Pauciullo & Deshun Shi & G, 2022. "The microbiome of the buffalo digestive tract," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    18. Mendler, Isabella-Hilda & Drossel, Barbara & Hütt, Marc-Thorsten, 2024. "Microbiome abundance patterns as attractors and the implications for the inference of microbial interaction networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 639(C).
    19. Zachary D. Wallen & Ayse Demirkan & Guy Twa & Gwendolyn Cohen & Marissa N. Dean & David G. Standaert & Timothy R. Sampson & Haydeh Payami, 2022. "Metagenomics of Parkinson’s disease implicates the gut microbiome in multiple disease mechanisms," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-20, December.
    20. Stefanie Widder & Lisa A. Carmody & Kristopher Opron & Linda M. Kalikin & Lindsay J. Caverly & John J. LiPuma, 2024. "Microbial community organization designates distinct pulmonary exacerbation types and predicts treatment outcome in cystic fibrosis," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2021:i:1:p:37-:d:707733. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.