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Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

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  • Lukas Schwingshackl
  • Georg Hoffmann
  • Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann
  • Maria Arregui
  • Brian Buijsse
  • Heiner Boeing

Abstract

Background: Randomized controlled trials provide conflicting results on the effects of increased fruit and vegetable consumption on changes in body weight. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to changes in anthropometric measures. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were searched up to July 2015 for prospective studies reporting on habitual fruit and/or vegetable consumption in relation to changes in body weight or waist circumference or to risk of weight gain/overweight/obesity in adults. Random-effects meta-analysis was applied to pool results across studies. Findings: Seventeen cohort studies (from 20 reports) including 563,277 participants met our inclusion criteria. Higher intake of fruits was inversely associated with weight change (decrease) (beta-coefficient per 100-g increment, -13.68 g/year; 95% CI, -22.97 to -4.40). No significant changes could be observed for combined fruit and vegetable consumption or vegetable consumption. Increased intake of fruits was inversely associated with changes (decrease) in waist circumference (beta: -0.04 cm/year; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.02). Comparing the highest combined fruit & vegetable, fruit, and vegetable intake categories were associated with a 9%, 17%, and 17% reduced risk of adiposity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.91, 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99), (OR: 0.83, 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.99), and (OR: 0.83, 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.99), respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed several inverse associations between fruit and vegetable intake and prospective improvements in anthropometric parameters, and risk of adiposity. The present meta-analysis seems to be limited by low study quality. Nevertheless, when combined with evolutionary nutrition and epidemiological modeling studies, these findings have public health relevance and support all initiatives to increase fruit and vegetable intake.

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  • Lukas Schwingshackl & Georg Hoffmann & Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann & Maria Arregui & Brian Buijsse & Heiner Boeing, 2015. "Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0140846
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140846
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    1. Pate, R.R. & Heath, G.W. & Dowda, M. & Trost, S.G., 1996. "Associations between physical activity and other health behaviors in a representative sample of US adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 86(11), pages 1577-1581.
    2. Kahn, H.S. & Tatham, L.M. & Rodriguez, C. & Calle, E.E. & Thun, M.J. & Heath Jr., C.W., 1997. "Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(5), pages 747-754.
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    1. Yuying Sun & Samantha S. W. Fung & Patrick K. W. Man & Alice N. T. Wan & Sunita Stewart & Tai Hing Lam & Sai Yin Ho, 2021. "Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Parents: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-12, May.
    2. Francine Overcash & Marla Reicks, 2021. "Diet Quality and Eating Practices among Hispanic/Latino Men and Women: NHANES 2011–2016," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-11, February.
    3. Lukas Schwingshackl & Georg Hoffmann & Carolina Schwedhelm & Tamara Kalle-Uhlmann & Benjamin Missbach & Sven Knüppel & Heiner Boeing, 2016. "Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, June.
    4. Judith Brame & Jan Kohl & Ramona Wurst & Reinhard Fuchs & Iris Tinsel & Phillip Maiwald & Urs Fichtner & Christoph Armbruster & Martina Bischoff & Erik Farin-Glattacker & Peter Lindinger & Rainer Bred, 2022. "Health Effects of a 12-Week Web-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Physically Inactive and Overweight or Obese Adults: Study Protocol of Two Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Brenda Robles & Tony Kuo & Courtney S. Thomas Tobin, 2021. "What Are the Relationships between Psychosocial Community Characteristics and Dietary Behaviors in a Racially/Ethnically Diverse Urban Population in Los Angeles County?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-18, September.
    6. Taian Deng & Marrit van den Berg & Nico Heerink & Haoyang Cui & Fuli Tan & Shenggen Fan, 2023. "Can homestead gardens improve rural households' vegetable consumption? Evidence from three provinces in China," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(S1), pages 1578-1594, December.

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