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Accounting for Experimental Noise Reveals That mRNA Levels, Amplified by Post-Transcriptional Processes, Largely Determine Steady-State Protein Levels in Yeast

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  • Gábor Csárdi
  • Alexander Franks
  • David S Choi
  • Edoardo M Airoldi
  • D Allan Drummond

Abstract

Cells respond to their environment by modulating protein levels through mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional control. Modest observed correlations between global steady-state mRNA and protein measurements have been interpreted as evidence that mRNA levels determine roughly 40% of the variation in protein levels, indicating dominant post-transcriptional effects. However, the techniques underlying these conclusions, such as correlation and regression, yield biased results when data are noisy, missing systematically, and collinear---properties of mRNA and protein measurements---which motivated us to revisit this subject. Noise-robust analyses of 24 studies of budding yeast reveal that mRNA levels explain more than 85% of the variation in steady-state protein levels. Protein levels are not proportional to mRNA levels, but rise much more rapidly. Regulation of translation suffices to explain this nonlinear effect, revealing post-transcriptional amplification of, rather than competition with, transcriptional signals. These results substantially revise widely credited models of protein-level regulation, and introduce multiple noise-aware approaches essential for proper analysis of many biological phenomena.Author Summary: Cells respond to their environment by making proteins using transcription and translation of mRNA. Modest observed correlations between global steady-state mRNA and protein measurements have been interpreted as evidence that mRNA levels determine roughly 40% of the variation in protein levels, indicating dominant post-transcriptional effects. However, the techniques underlying these conclusions, such as correlation and regression, yield biased results when data are noisy and contain missing values. Here we show that when methods that account for noise are used to analyze much of the same data, mRNA levels explain more than 85% of the variation in steady-state protein levels. Protein levels are not proportional to mRNA levels as commonly assumed, but rise much more rapidly. Regulation of translation achieves amplification of, rather than competition with, transcriptional signals. Our results suggest that for this set of conditions, mRNA sets protein-level regulation, and introduce multiple noise-aware approaches essential for proper analysis of many biological phenomena.

Suggested Citation

  • Gábor Csárdi & Alexander Franks & David S Choi & Edoardo M Airoldi & D Allan Drummond, 2015. "Accounting for Experimental Noise Reveals That mRNA Levels, Amplified by Post-Transcriptional Processes, Largely Determine Steady-State Protein Levels in Yeast," PLOS Genetics, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(5), pages 1-32, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pgen00:1005206
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005206
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    1. Björn Schwanhäusser & Dorothea Busse & Na Li & Gunnar Dittmar & Johannes Schuchhardt & Jana Wolf & Wei Chen & Matthias Selbach, 2011. "Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control," Nature, Nature, vol. 473(7347), pages 337-342, May.
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    2. Jianye Xia & Benjamin J. Sánchez & Yu Chen & Kate Campbell & Sergo Kasvandik & Jens Nielsen, 2022. "Proteome allocations change linearly with the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under glucose limitation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.

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