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Measuring education inequality in the Philippines

Author

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  • Eirene P. Mesa

    (China Banking Corporation, Manila)

Abstract

This paper measures the degree of education inequality in the Philippines. It generates the average years of schooling (AYS) and education Gini coefficients of the Philippines as a whole, and all its regions and provinces to examine the economically active population’s level of educational attainment and the distribution of education. The paper finds that although inequality in educational attainment declined from 1960 to 2000, there are wide discrepancies in the educational performance of regions and provinces. Using decomposition analysis, it finds that poor provinces have greater education inequality than nonpoor provinces. It also finds that at the national level, women are facing a more equitable distribution of education than males. The regional and provincial data show that the education Gini index is negatively associated with the average years of schooling and gross domestic regional product, but positively associated with the income Gini index, poverty incidence, and poverty gap.

Suggested Citation

  • Eirene P. Mesa, 2007. "Measuring education inequality in the Philippines," Philippine Review of Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics and Philippine Economic Society, vol. 44(2), pages 33-70, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:phs:prejrn:v:44:y:2007:i:2:p:33-70
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    File URL: http://pre.econ.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pre/article/view/227/630
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2016. "Gender-preferential intergenerational patterns in primary educational attainment: An econometric approach to a case in rural Mindanao, the Philippines," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 125-142.
    2. Folorunso Obayemi Temitope Obasuyi & Rajah Rasiah & Santha Chenayah, 2020. "Identification of Measurement Variables for Understanding Vulnerability to Education Inequality in Developing Countries: A Conceptual Article," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, May.
    3. Jirada Prasartpornsirichoke & Yoshi Takahashi, 2013. "Assessing Inequalities in Thai Education," IDEC DP2 Series 3-2, Hiroshima University, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC).
    4. Michael R.M. Abrigo & Sang-Hyop Lee & Donghyun Park, 2018. "Human Capital Spending, Inequality, and Growth in Middle-Income Asia," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(6), pages 1285-1303, May.
    5. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2014. "Gender-preferential intergenerational patterns in primary education attainment : a quantitative analysis of a case of rural Mindanao, the Philippines," IDE Discussion Papers 479, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    6. Cleofas, Jerome Visperas, 2023. "Internet access as a moderator of mental health and satisfaction with life during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from young Filipino undergraduates from income-poor households," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    7. Martins, Lurdes & Veiga, Paula, 2010. "Do inequalities in parents' education play an important role in PISA students' mathematics achievement test score disparities?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 1016-1033, December.
    8. Banzragch, Otgontugs & Mizunoya, Suguru & Bayarjargal, Munkhireedui, 2019. "Education inequality in Mongolia: Measurement and causes," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 68-79.
    9. Khusaini, & Remi, Sutyastie Soemitro & Fahmi, Mohamad & Purnagunawan, R. Muhamad, 2020. "Measuring the Inequality in Education: Educational Kuznets Curve," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 54(3), pages 59-76.
    10. Arends-Kuenning, Mary P. & Calara, Alvaro & Go, Stella, 2015. "International Migration Opportunities and Occupational Choice: A Case Study of Philippine Nurses 2002 to 2014," IZA Discussion Papers 8881, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Zamora, Christian Marvin B. & Dorado, Rowena A., 2017. "The Impacts of Male and Female Education on the Economic Growth of Philippine Provinces, 1991–2012," Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development, Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development (JEMAD), vol. 3(01), June.
    12. Dadon-Golan, Zehorit & BenDavid-Hadar, Iris & Klein, Joseph, 2019. "Revisiting educational (in)equity: Measuring educational Gini coefficients for Israeli high schools during the years 2001–2011," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-1.
    13. Takahiro Akita & Sachiko Miyata, 2020. "Urban and Rural Dimensions of the Role of Education in Inequality: A Comparative Analysis between Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines," Working Papers EMS_2020_04, Research Institute, International University of Japan.
    14. Revilla, Ma. Laarni D., 2014. "Schooling Outcomes in the Philippines, 1988-2008: Impacts of Changes in Household Income and the Implementation of the Free Public Secondary Education Act (RA 6655)," Discussion Papers DP 2014-11, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
    15. Kanwal, Ayesha & Munir, Kashif, 2015. "The Impact of Educational and Gender Inequality on Income Inequality in South Asia," MPRA Paper 66661, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Zamora, Christian Marvin B. & Dorado, Rowena A., 2015. "Rural-Urban Education Inequality in the Philippines Using Decomposition Analysis," Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development, Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development (JEMAD), vol. 1(01), June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    education; education inequality; education Gini coefficient; inequality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

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