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Antimicrobials before antibiotics: war, peace, and disinfectants

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  • Hannah Landecker

    (UCLA)

Abstract

This analysis of antimicrobials before antibiotics uses both biological and historical approaches to examine the origins of contemporary antibiotic resistance in the decades prior to the introduction of penicillin. Genetic studies of resistance elements in contemporary bacterial pathogens point toward the importance of early twentieth century chemotherapies as initial selection pressures shaping the landscape of resistance elements even before microbially-produced antibiotics came onto the scene while historical analysis gives insight into the design of these pressures: specific toxicity in arsenicals, sulphonamides, and disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds, as well as their industrial-scale production and distribution. Turning from production to application, the specific cases of troop mobilization and poultry farming between 1940 and 1950 in the United States are used to illustrate how profound physical and social disruption, outbreaks of epidemic disease, and mass prophylaxis and antisepsis with synthetic antimicrobial agents came together at scale in this period, generating a highly specific landscape of bacterial flourishing and killing, and setting the stage into which the first antibiotics came. Reframing antimicrobial resistance in a longer historical trajectory lends new insight into both the social origins and biological evolution of the phenomenon.

Suggested Citation

  • Hannah Landecker, 2019. "Antimicrobials before antibiotics: war, peace, and disinfectants," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 5(1), pages 1-11, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:palcom:v:5:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-019-0251-8
    DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0251-8
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Seema Jayachandran & Adriana Lleras-Muney & Kimberly V. Smith, 2010. "Modern Medicine and the Twentieth Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(2), pages 118-146, April.
    2. Scott H. Podolsky, 2018. "The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945–2018)," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Claas Kirchhelle, 2018. "Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production (1935–2017)," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-13, December.
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    2. Claas Kirchhelle, 2023. "The Antibiocene – towards an eco-social analysis of humanity’s antimicrobial footprint," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Bradshaw, Aaron, 2023. "The invisible city: The unglamorous biogeographies of urban microbial ecologies," SocArXiv drcuw, Center for Open Science.

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