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Automatic heliostat learning for in situ concentrating solar power plant metrology with differentiable ray tracing

Author

Listed:
  • Max Pargmann

    (German Aerospace Center (DLR))

  • Jan Ebert

    (Helmholtz AI
    Research Institute Jülich (FZJ))

  • Markus Götz

    (Helmholtz AI
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT))

  • Daniel Maldonado Quinto

    (German Aerospace Center (DLR))

  • Robert Pitz-Paal

    (German Aerospace Center (DLR)
    RWTH Aachen University)

  • Stefan Kesselheim

    (Helmholtz AI
    Research Institute Jülich (FZJ))

Abstract

Concentrating solar power plants are a clean energy source capable of competitive electricity generation even during night time, as well as the production of carbon-neutral fuels, offering a complementary role alongside photovoltaic plants. In these power plants, thousands of mirrors (heliostats) redirect sunlight onto a receiver, potentially generating temperatures exceeding 1000°C. Practically, such efficient temperatures are never attained. Several unknown, yet operationally crucial parameters, e.g., misalignment in sun-tracking and surface deformations can cause dangerous temperature spikes, necessitating high safety margins. For competitive levelized cost of energy and large-scale deployment, in-situ error measurements are an essential, yet unattained factor. To tackle this, we introduce a differentiable ray tracing machine learning approach that can derive the irradiance distribution of heliostats in a data-driven manner from a small number of calibration images already collected in most solar towers. By applying gradient-based optimization and a learning non-uniform rational B-spline heliostat model, our approach is able to determine sub-millimeter imperfections in a real-world setting and predict heliostat-specific irradiance profiles, exceeding the precision of the state-of-the-art and establishing full automatization. The new optimization pipeline enables concurrent training of physical and data-driven models, representing a pioneering effort in unifying both paradigms for concentrating solar power plants and can be a blueprint for other domains.

Suggested Citation

  • Max Pargmann & Jan Ebert & Markus Götz & Daniel Maldonado Quinto & Robert Pitz-Paal & Stefan Kesselheim, 2024. "Automatic heliostat learning for in situ concentrating solar power plant metrology with differentiable ray tracing," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-51019-z
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51019-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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