IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/natcom/v15y2024i1d10.1038_s41467-024-45699-w.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection

Author

Listed:
  • Xinyu Ma

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Zhaoyu Cai

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Chijie Zhuang

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Xiangdong Liu

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Zhecheng Zhang

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Kewei Liu

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Bo Cao

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Jinliang He

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Changxi Yang

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Chengying Bao

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Rong Zeng

    (Tsinghua University)

Abstract

Discerning weak electric fields has important implications for cosmology, quantum technology, and identifying power system failures. Photonic integration of electric field sensors is highly desired for practical considerations and offers opportunities to improve performance by enhancing microwave and lightwave interactions. Here, we demonstrate a high-Q microcavity electric field sensor (MEFS) by leveraging the silicon chip-based thin film lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall detection scheme, our MEFS achieves a detection sensitivity of 5.2 μV/(m $$\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$ Hz ), which surpasses previous lithium niobate electro-optical electric field sensors by nearly two orders of magnitude, and is comparable to atom-based quantum sensing approaches. Furthermore, our MEFS has a bandwidth that can be up to three orders of magnitude broader than quantum sensing approaches and measures fast electric field amplitude and phase variations in real-time. The ultra-sensitive MEFSs represent a significant step towards building electric field sensing networks and broaden the application spectrum of integrated microcavities.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinyu Ma & Zhaoyu Cai & Chijie Zhuang & Xiangdong Liu & Zhecheng Zhang & Kewei Liu & Bo Cao & Jinliang He & Changxi Yang & Chengying Bao & Rong Zeng, 2024. "Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-45699-w
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45699-w
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45699-w
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1038/s41467-024-45699-w?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bing Zhang, 2020. "The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts," Nature, Nature, vol. 587(7832), pages 45-53, November.
    2. Ileana-Cristina Benea-Chelmus & Francesca Fabiana Settembrini & Giacomo Scalari & Jérôme Faist, 2019. "Electric field correlation measurements on the electromagnetic vacuum state," Nature, Nature, vol. 568(7751), pages 202-206, April.
    3. Weijian Chen & Şahin Kaya Özdemir & Guangming Zhao & Jan Wiersig & Lan Yang, 2017. "Exceptional points enhance sensing in an optical microcavity," Nature, Nature, vol. 548(7666), pages 192-196, August.
    4. Mohamad Hossein Idjadi & Firooz Aflatouni, 2017. "Integrated Pound−Drever−Hall laser stabilization system in silicon," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9, December.
    5. B. M. Hare & O. Scholten & J. Dwyer & T. N. G. Trinh & S. Buitink & S. Veen & A. Bonardi & A. Corstanje & H. Falcke & J. R. Hörandel & T. Huege & P. Mitra & K. Mulrey & A. Nelles & J. P. Rachen & L. R, 2019. "Needle-like structures discovered on positively charged lightning branches," Nature, Nature, vol. 568(7752), pages 360-363, April.
    6. Cheng Wang & Mian Zhang & Xi Chen & Maxime Bertrand & Amirhassan Shams-Ansari & Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar & Peter Winzer & Marko Lončar, 2018. "Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages," Nature, Nature, vol. 562(7725), pages 101-104, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xin Zhou & Xingjing Ren & Dingbang Xiao & Jianqi Zhang & Ran Huang & Zhipeng Li & Xiaopeng Sun & Xuezhong Wu & Cheng-Wei Qiu & Franco Nori & Hui Jing, 2023. "Higher-order singularities in phase-tracked electromechanical oscillators," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Minye Yang & Liang Zhu & Qi Zhong & Ramy El-Ganainy & Pai-Yen Chen, 2023. "Spectral sensitivity near exceptional points as a resource for hardware encryption," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Weijie Liu & Quancheng Liu & Xiang Ni & Yuechen Jia & Klaus Ziegler & Andrea Alù & Feng Chen, 2024. "Floquet parity-time symmetry in integrated photonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    4. Pengtao Song & Xinhui Ruan & Haijin Ding & Shengyong Li & Ming Chen & Ran Huang & Le-Man Kuang & Qianchuan Zhao & Jaw-Shen Tsai & Hui Jing & Lan Yang & Franco Nori & Dongning Zheng & Yu-xi Liu & Jing , 2024. "Experimental realization of on-chip few-photon control around exceptional points," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    5. Kazuma Taki & Naoki Sekine & Kouhei Watanabe & Yuto Miyatake & Tomohiro Akazawa & Hiroya Sakumoto & Kasidit Toprasertpong & Shinichi Takagi & Mitsuru Takenaka, 2024. "Nonvolatile optical phase shift in ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    6. Seou Choi & Yannick Salamin & Charles Roques-Carmes & Rumen Dangovski & Di Luo & Zhuo Chen & Michael Horodynski & Jamison Sloan & Shiekh Zia Uddin & Marin Soljačić, 2024. "Photonic probabilistic machine learning using quantum vacuum noise," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    7. M. Król & I. Septembre & P. Oliwa & M. Kędziora & K. Łempicka-Mirek & M. Muszyński & R. Mazur & P. Morawiak & W. Piecek & P. Kula & W. Bardyszewski & P. G. Lagoudakis & D. D. Solnyshkov & G. Malpuech , 2022. "Annihilation of exceptional points from different Dirac valleys in a 2D photonic system," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-6, December.
    8. Chengying Bao & Zhiquan Yuan & Lue Wu & Myoung-Gyun Suh & Heming Wang & Qiang Lin & Kerry J. Vahala, 2021. "Architecture for microcomb-based GHz-mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.
    9. A. Hashemi & K. Busch & D. N. Christodoulides & S. K. Ozdemir & R. El-Ganainy, 2022. "Linear response theory of open systems with exceptional points," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    10. Djorwé, P. & Alphonse, H. & Abbagari, S. & Doka, S.Y. & Engo, S.G. Nana, 2023. "Synthetic magnetism for solitons in optomechanical array," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    11. Baheej Bathish & Raanan Gad & Fan Cheng & Kristoffer Karlsson & Ramgopal Madugani & Mark Douvidzon & Síle Nic Chormaic & Tal Carmon, 2023. "Absorption-induced transmission in plasma microphotonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-7, December.
    12. Arunn Suntharalingam & Lucas Fernández-Alcázar & Rodion Kononchuk & Tsampikos Kottos, 2023. "Noise resilient exceptional-point voltmeters enabled by oscillation quenching phenomena," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    13. Yaping Wang & Marion C. Lang & Jinsong Lu & Mingqian Suo & Mengcong Du & Yubin Hou & Xiu-Hong Wang & Pu Wang, 2022. "Demonstration of intracellular real-time molecular quantification via FRET-enhanced optical microcavity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    14. Wang, Lingxiao & Hare, Brian M. & Zhou, Kai & Stöcker, Horst & Scholten, Olaf, 2023. "Identifying lightning structures via machine learning," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    15. Chenwei Lv & Ren Zhang & Zhengzheng Zhai & Qi Zhou, 2022. "Curving the space by non-Hermiticity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-6, December.
    16. Mikhail Churaev & Rui Ning Wang & Annina Riedhauser & Viacheslav Snigirev & Terence Blésin & Charles Möhl & Miles H. Anderson & Anat Siddharth & Youri Popoff & Ute Drechsler & Daniele Caimi & Simon Hö, 2023. "A heterogeneously integrated lithium niobate-on-silicon nitride photonic platform," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.
    17. Yumeng Yang & Xinrong Xie & Yuanzhen Li & Zijian Zhang & Yiwei Peng & Chi Wang & Erping Li & Ying Li & Hongsheng Chen & Fei Gao, 2022. "Radiative anti-parity-time plasmonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-8, December.
    18. Xuan-Kun Li & Jian-Xu Ma & Xiang-Yu Li & Jun-Jie Hu & Chuan-Yang Ding & Feng-Kai Han & Xiao-Min Guo & Xi Tan & Xian-Min Jin, 2024. "High-efficiency reinforcement learning with hybrid architecture photonic integrated circuit," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    19. Xinyi Zhu & Benjamin Crockett & Connor M. L. Rowe & Hao Sun & José Azaña, 2024. "Agile manipulation of the time-frequency distribution of high-speed electromagnetic waves," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    20. Chao Xiang & Joel Guo & Warren Jin & Lue Wu & Jonathan Peters & Weiqiang Xie & Lin Chang & Boqiang Shen & Heming Wang & Qi-Fan Yang & David Kinghorn & Mario Paniccia & Kerry J. Vahala & Paul A. Morton, 2021. "High-performance lasers for fully integrated silicon nitride photonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-45699-w. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.nature.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.