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Multiple stages of evolutionary change in anthrax toxin receptor expression in humans

Author

Listed:
  • Lauren A. Choate

    (Cornell University
    Cornell University)

  • Gilad Barshad

    (Cornell University)

  • Pierce W. McMahon

    (Cornell University)

  • Iskander Said

    (Cornell University)

  • Edward J. Rice

    (Cornell University)

  • Paul R. Munn

    (Cornell University)

  • James J. Lewis

    (Cornell University)

  • Charles G. Danko

    (Cornell University
    Cornell University)

Abstract

The advent of animal husbandry and hunting increased human exposure to zoonotic pathogens. To understand how a zoonotic disease may have influenced human evolution, we study changes in human expression of anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), which encodes a cell surface protein necessary for Bacillus anthracis virulence toxins to cause anthrax disease. In immune cells, ANTXR2 is 8-fold down-regulated in all available human samples compared to non-human primates, indicating regulatory changes early in the evolution of modern humans. We also observe multiple genetic signatures consistent with recent positive selection driving a European-specific decrease in ANTXR2 expression in multiple tissues affected by anthrax toxins. Our observations fit a model in which humans adapted to anthrax disease following early ecological changes associated with hunting and scavenging, as well as a second period of adaptation after the rise of modern agriculture.

Suggested Citation

  • Lauren A. Choate & Gilad Barshad & Pierce W. McMahon & Iskander Said & Edward J. Rice & Paul R. Munn & James J. Lewis & Charles G. Danko, 2021. "Multiple stages of evolutionary change in anthrax toxin receptor expression in humans," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:12:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-021-26854-z
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26854-z
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