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Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population

Author

Listed:
  • Jia Wei

    (University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Philippa C. Matthews

    (University of Oxford
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital)

  • Nicole Stoesser

    (University of Oxford
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Thomas Maddox

    (Office for National Statistics)

  • Luke Lorenzi

    (Office for National Statistics)

  • Ruth Studley

    (Office for National Statistics)

  • John I. Bell

    (University of Oxford)

  • John N. Newton

    (Public Health England)

  • Jeremy Farrar

    (Wellcome Trust)

  • Ian Diamond

    (Office for National Statistics)

  • Emma Rourke

    (Office for National Statistics)

  • Alison Howarth

    (University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Brian D. Marsden

    (University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Sarah Hoosdally

    (University of Oxford)

  • E. Yvonne Jones

    (University of Oxford)

  • David I. Stuart

    (University of Oxford)

  • Derrick W. Crook

    (University of Oxford
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Tim E. A. Peto

    (University of Oxford
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • Koen B. Pouwels

    (University of Oxford
    University of Oxford
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

  • A. Sarah Walker

    (University of Oxford
    University of Oxford
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    UCL)

  • David W. Eyre

    (University of Oxford
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
    The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford
    University of Oxford)

Abstract

Understanding the trajectory, duration, and determinants of antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform subsequent protection and risk of reinfection, however large-scale representative studies are limited. Here we estimated antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population using representative data from 7,256 United Kingdom COVID-19 infection survey participants who had positive swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from 26-April-2020 to 14-June-2021. A latent class model classified 24% of participants as ‘non-responders’ not developing anti-spike antibodies, who were older, had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values during infection (i.e. lower viral burden), and less frequently reported any symptoms. Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. The estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days, being longer in females and those of white ethnicity. We estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection likely last 1.5-2 years on average, with levels associated with protection from severe infection present for several years. These estimates could inform planning for vaccination booster strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia Wei & Philippa C. Matthews & Nicole Stoesser & Thomas Maddox & Luke Lorenzi & Ruth Studley & John I. Bell & John N. Newton & Jeremy Farrar & Ian Diamond & Emma Rourke & Alison Howarth & Brian D. M, 2021. "Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-12, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:12:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-021-26479-2
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26479-2
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    1. Takehiro Takahashi & Mallory K. Ellingson & Patrick Wong & Benjamin Israelow & Carolina Lucas & Jon Klein & Julio Silva & Tianyang Mao & Ji Eun Oh & Maria Tokuyama & Peiwen Lu & Arvind Venkataraman & , 2020. "Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes," Nature, Nature, vol. 588(7837), pages 315-320, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Alessia Raineri & Thomas Radtke & Sonja Rueegg & Sarah R. Haile & Dominik Menges & Tala Ballouz & Agne Ulyte & Jan Fehr & Daniel L. Cornejo & Giuseppe Pantaleo & Céline Pellaton & Craig Fenwick & Milo, 2023. "Persistent humoral immune response in youth throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: prospective school-based cohort study," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Asmaa Hachim & Haogao Gu & Otared Kavian & Masashi Mori & Mike Y. W. Kwan & Wai Hung Chan & Yat Sun Yau & Susan S. Chiu & Owen T. Y. Tsang & David S. C. Hui & Chris K. P. Mok & Fionn N. L. Ma & Eric H, 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins reveal distinct serological signatures in children," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Dominik Menges & Kyra D. Zens & Tala Ballouz & Nicole Caduff & Daniel Llanas-Cornejo & Hélène E. Aschmann & Anja Domenghino & Céline Pellaton & Matthieu Perreau & Craig Fenwick & Giuseppe Pantaleo & C, 2022. "Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    4. Joseph F. Standing & Laura Buggiotti & Jose Afonso Guerra-Assuncao & Maximillian Woodall & Samuel Ellis & Akosua A. Agyeman & Charles Miller & Mercy Okechukwu & Emily Kirkpatrick & Amy I. Jacobs & Cha, 2024. "Randomized controlled trial of molnupiravir SARS-CoV-2 viral and antibody response in at-risk adult outpatients," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Bartig Susanne & Brücker Herbert & Butschalowsky Hans & Danne Christian & Gößwald Antje & Goßner Laura & Grabka Markus M. & Haller Sebastian & Hess Doris & Hey Isabell & Hoebel Jens & Jordan Susanne &, 2023. "Corona Monitoring Nationwide (RKI-SOEP-2): Seroepidemiological Study on the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Across Germany," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 243(3-4), pages 431-449, June.
    6. Jia Wei & Philippa C. Matthews & Nicole Stoesser & John N. Newton & Ian Diamond & Ruth Studley & Nick Taylor & John I. Bell & Jeremy Farrar & Jaison Kolenchery & Brian D. Marsden & Sarah Hoosdally & E, 2023. "Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 variant following booster vaccination or breakthrough infection in the UK," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.

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