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Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique

Author

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  • Sana Ashraf

    (College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Sajid Rashid Ahmad

    (College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Qasim Ali

    (Department of Soil Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Sobia Ashraf

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Muzaffar Majid

    (College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Zahir Ahmad Zahir

    (Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan)

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination of soil is an alarming environmental dilemma all over the world. With increasing industrialization, timely development of low-cost and eco-friendly remedial techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soil is needed. Phytoremediation is an emerging technique to remove heavy metals from contaminated soil for environmental sustainability. In the present study, ryegrass was used for phytoextraction of lead and cadmium from contaminated soil in a pot experiment. To enhance the bioavailability of heavy metals, cow dung was acidified by amending with elemental sulfur and molasses and also bioaugmented with an SS-16 sulfur-oxidizing strain to boost biological sulfur oxidation and, hence, four chemically different organic products were prepared. The pot experiment was conducted for a period of 60 days under Pb- and Cd-spiked soil for growing ryegrass with the application of a 10% slurry of each acidified organic product. A significant increase in root and shoot fresh mass as well as Pb and Cd accumulation in the root and shoot of the ryegrass was recorded. As compared to the control and the acidified organic product, P4 was the most effective product overall. Bioconcentration and translocation factors of ryegrass for Pb and Cd were also calculated. At the same time, acidified cow dung slurry (10%) also improved the antioxidative defense mechanism of ryegrass. The results suggest that acidified organic products could be effective for phytoextraction of lead and cadmium from contaminated soil, and in the future acidified cow dung slurry can be used to restore heavy metal-polluted soils in an environmentally sustainable way.

Suggested Citation

  • Sana Ashraf & Sajid Rashid Ahmad & Qasim Ali & Sobia Ashraf & Muzaffar Majid & Zahir Ahmad Zahir, 2022. "Acidified Cow Dung-Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Ryegrass from Contaminated Soil as an Eco-Efficient Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:23:p:15879-:d:987574
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    1. Muhammad Shoaib Rana & Parashuram Bhantana & Xue-cheng Sun & Muhammad Imran & Mohamed G. Moussa & Ali Mohamed Elyamine & Javaria Afzal & Imran Khan & Intisar Ud Din & Muhammad Younas & Muhammad Kamran, 2020. "Molybdenum as an Essential Element for Crops: An Overview," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 24(5), pages 18535-18547, January.
    2. Ben-Asher, Jiftah & Tsuyuki, Itaru & Bravdo, Ben-Ami & Sagih, Moshe, 2006. "Irrigation of grapevines with saline water: I. Leaf area index, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 83(1-2), pages 13-21, May.
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    1. Riya Sawarkar & Adnan Shakeel & Piyush A. Kokate & Lal Singh, 2022. "Organic Wastes Augment the Eco-Restoration Potential of Bamboo Species on Fly Ash-Degraded Land: A Field Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.

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